绿色产业or黑色产业：旅游业碳排放统计边界的反思与重构

doi:10.12342/zgstly.20220049

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

科学界定旅游业碳排放统计边界既是低碳旅游研究的难点,也是制定旅游业碳减排政策与措施的关键。已有研究在统计指标选取上多以借鉴和优化为主,计算结果难以相互佐证。文章基于经济学和法学相关领域溯源,逐一评价了现行统计指标,研究发现：（1）影响旅游业碳排放统计边界的主要因素是研究视角不同、统计口径混用,导致研究结果之间"横向不可比,纵向不可加";（2）"狭义"和"广义"统计边界的主要区别是后者在"污染者付费"的基础上兼顾"受益者负担"原则;（3）基于"属地责任原则",外部交通不属于旅游目的地碳源,而应计入"广义"的统计边界。研究指出：旅游业碳减排措施应明晰责任边界和外部性,兼顾经济收益和环境代价;在边界相对统一的前提下,不同研究对象的碳强度不同,旅游业是否为绿色产业应视具体情况而定。

关键词: 旅游业碳排放, 统计边界, 责任边界, 碳计量, 双碳目标

Abstract:

To scientifically define the statistical boundary of tourism carbon emissions is not only a challenge for low-carbon tourism research, but also the key to formulate tourism carbon emission reduction policies and measures. Existing studies are based on the adoption and optimization of previous statistical indicators, and the calculation results are difficult to corroborate each other. Informed by the review of economics and law-related fields, the article evaluates the current statistical indicators one by one. The research finds that: (1) The main factors affecting the statistical boundary of tourism carbon emissions are the adoption of different research perspectives and the misuse of statistical calibers, which consequently leads to the research results "cannot be compared horizontally and calculated longitudinally". (2) The main difference between the "narrow" and "broad" statistical boundaries is that the latter takes into account the principle of "beneficiaries bear responsibility" while the "polluters pay price". (3) Based on the principle of "territorial responsibility", external transportation is not a carbon source of tourist destinations whilst it should be included in the "broad" statistical boundary. The study pointed out that the carbon emission reduction measures of tourism should clarify the boundary of responsibility and the fact of externality, while considering the economic benefits and environmental costs. With a relatively standardized boundary, the carbon intensity varies according to different research objects, and whether the tourism industry is a green industry or not should be determined according to the specific situation.

Key words: tourism carbon emissions, statistical boundary, responsibility boundary, carbon calculation, dual-carbon goal

明庆忠, 常易. 绿色产业or黑色产业：旅游业碳排放统计边界的反思与重构[J]. 中国生态旅游, 2022, 12(4): 583-602.

Ming Qingzhong, Chang Yi. Green industry or black industry: The reflection and reconstruction of statistical boundary for tourism carbon emissions[J]. ECOTOURISM, 2022, 12(4): 583-602.

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外部交通	内部交通	倍数	研究对象	文献来源
2 106.552 t（碳足迹）	491.122 t（碳足迹）	4.3	张家界	王怀採^[39]
41 533.913 t（碳排放）	2 411.494 t（碳排放）	17.2	庐山	周年兴等^[56]
2 796.045 t（碳排放）	0.462 t（碳排放）	6 051.9	合肥大圩村	丁雨莲^[28]
89 091.725 t（碳排放）	（不考虑）	\	宏村	丁雨莲^[28]
8 364 558.985 t（碳足迹）	（不考虑）	\	武汉	张哲^[40]

"旅游活动"统计范围	碳排放占（%）	研究对象	文献来源
观光旅游、休闲度假、商务出差、探亲访友、其他	2.36	全国	石培华^[33]
分别统计"旅游浏览"和"旅游娱乐"	16.59	张家界	王怀採^[39]
观光旅游、休闲度假、商务出差、探亲访友、其他	1.07	庐山	周年兴等^[56]
合并为"食宿休闲"统计	6.53	合肥大圩村	丁雨莲^[28]
合并为"购物娱乐"统计	5.00	宏村	丁雨莲^[28]
合并统计"旅游游览"和"旅游娱乐"	18.50	武汉	张哲^[40]
观光旅游、休闲度假、商务出差、探亲访友、其他	5.68	江苏省	陶玉国^[31]
观光旅游、休闲度假、商务出差、探亲访友、其他	2.14	全国	唐承财等^[30]

旅游动机	大类	亚类	旅游活动代表	能量消耗（mj/游客）
观光旅游	吸引物	建筑类	博物馆/艺廊、历史遗迹	3.5
		公园类	植物园、动物园	8.4
		文娱活动类	体验中心、贡渡拉小舟	22.4
休闲度假		文娱活动类	体验中心、贡渡拉小舟	22.4
		产业类	农业观光、农业吸引物、酒庄探访	11.5
		自然吸引物	地热吸引物、萤火虫岩洞	8.5
商务出差	娱乐	表演类	电影院、音乐会、毛利人表演、剧院	12.0
商务出差	娱乐	其他类	酒吧、赌场、购物	6.9
探亲访友	旅游活动	空中活动类	空中体育运动、空中观光、空中观鲸	424.3
探亲访友		水上活动类	喷水推进艇、帆船、海钓、观鲸	236.8
其他类型		探险活动类	蹦极、爬山、直升机滑雪、皮船、山地自行车、皮划艇	35.1
其他类型		自然活动类	脚踏车、海豚、骑马、高尔夫、湖钓、健步、野生	26.5

	一级指标		二级指标	指标描述
广义	旅游交通		外部交通	客源地到目的地之间的交通
	旅游交通	狭义	内部交通	到达景区的中途交通和景区内部交通
	旅游住宿		旅游住宿	旅游住宿设施能源消耗
	旅游活动		旅游活动	按不同旅游活动的能量消耗和消费人数测量
	旅游消费		旅游餐饮	为游客提供餐饮服务的商户经营能耗
	旅游消费		旅游购物	为游客提供商品销售的商户经营能耗
	旅游垃圾		旅游垃圾	游客和旅游机构产生的废水和固体废弃物处理
	景区运营管理		景区运营管理	景区管理和服务机构能源消耗与从业人员通勤消耗

交通工具	碳排放（g/人·km）
一般汽油轻型车（单人乘坐）	243.8
性能最优电动车（维多利亚电网）	209.1
一般汽油轻型车（双人乘坐）	121.9
摩托车	119.6
火车	28.6
有轨电车	20.2
汽油公交车	17.7
性能最优电动车（绿色电源）	0.0