中国生态旅游 ›› 2022, Vol. 12 ›› Issue (4): 583-602.doi: 10.12342/zgstly.20220049
收稿日期:
2022-04-29
修回日期:
2022-08-06
出版日期:
2022-08-28
发布日期:
2022-10-09
通讯作者:
*常易(1990-),男,博士研究生,研究方向为企业管理与旅游管理。E-mail: changy_i@126.com作者简介:
明庆忠(1963-),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为区域旅游开发与管理。E-mail: mingqingzhong01@163.com
基金资助:
Received:
2022-04-29
Revised:
2022-08-06
Published:
2022-08-28
Online:
2022-10-09
Contact:
*Chang Yi. E-mail: changy_i@126.com摘要:
科学界定旅游业碳排放统计边界既是低碳旅游研究的难点,也是制定旅游业碳减排政策与措施的关键。已有研究在统计指标选取上多以借鉴和优化为主,计算结果难以相互佐证。文章基于经济学和法学相关领域溯源,逐一评价了现行统计指标,研究发现:(1)影响旅游业碳排放统计边界的主要因素是研究视角不同、统计口径混用,导致研究结果之间"横向不可比,纵向不可加";(2)"狭义"和"广义"统计边界的主要区别是后者在"污染者付费"的基础上兼顾"受益者负担"原则;(3)基于"属地责任原则",外部交通不属于旅游目的地碳源,而应计入"广义"的统计边界。研究指出:旅游业碳减排措施应明晰责任边界和外部性,兼顾经济收益和环境代价;在边界相对统一的前提下,不同研究对象的碳强度不同,旅游业是否为绿色产业应视具体情况而定。
明庆忠, 常易. 绿色产业or黑色产业:旅游业碳排放统计边界的反思与重构[J]. 中国生态旅游, 2022, 12(4): 583-602.
Ming Qingzhong, Chang Yi. Green industry or black industry: The reflection and reconstruction of statistical boundary for tourism carbon emissions[J]. ECOTOURISM, 2022, 12(4): 583-602.
表2
部分实证研究的旅游活动碳排放统计
"旅游活动"统计范围 | 碳排放占(%) | 研究对象 | 文献来源 |
---|---|---|---|
观光旅游、休闲度假、商务出差、探亲访友、其他 | 2.36 | 全国 | 石培华[ |
分别统计"旅游浏览"和"旅游娱乐" | 16.59 | 张家界 | 王怀採[ |
观光旅游、休闲度假、商务出差、探亲访友、其他 | 1.07 | 庐山 | 周年兴等[ |
合并为"食宿休闲"统计 | 6.53 | 合肥大圩村 | 丁雨莲[ |
合并为"购物娱乐"统计 | 5.00 | 宏村 | 丁雨莲[ |
合并统计"旅游游览"和"旅游娱乐" | 18.50 | 武汉 | 张哲[ |
观光旅游、休闲度假、商务出差、探亲访友、其他 | 5.68 | 江苏省 | 陶玉国[ |
观光旅游、休闲度假、商务出差、探亲访友、其他 | 2.14 | 全国 | 唐承财等[ |
表3
旅游动机与旅游活动的类别
旅游动机 | 大类 | 亚类 | 旅游活动代表 | 能量消耗(mj/游客) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
观光旅游 | 吸引物 | 建筑类 | 博物馆/艺廊、历史遗迹 | 3.5 | |
公园类 | 植物园、动物园 | 8.4 | |||
文娱活动类 | 体验中心、贡渡拉小舟 | 22.4 | |||
休闲度假 | |||||
产业类 | 农业观光、农业吸引物、酒庄探访 | 11.5 | |||
自然吸引物 | 地热吸引物、萤火虫岩洞 | 8.5 | |||
商务出差 | 娱乐 | 表演类 | 电影院、音乐会、毛利人表演、剧院 | 12.0 | |
其他类 | 酒吧、赌场、购物 | 6.9 | |||
探亲访友 | 旅游活动 | 空中活动类 | 空中体育运动、空中观光、空中观鲸 | 424.3 | |
水上活动类 | 喷水推进艇、帆船、海钓、观鲸 | 236.8 | |||
其他类型 | 探险活动类 | 蹦极、爬山、直升机滑雪、皮船、山地自行车、皮划艇 | 35.1 | ||
自然活动类 | 脚踏车、海豚、骑马、高尔夫、湖钓、健步、野生 | 26.5 |
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