“失海”渔民旅游生计转型影响因素与应对策略

doi:10.12342/zgstly.20220134

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

休闲渔业是“失海”渔民生计转型的重要方向之一。探究由“渔”转“游”的生计转型，对重构“人-渔”关系具有重要的理论价值和实践意义。本研究以推拉理论模型和可持续生计框架为基础，分析象山县“失海”渔民旅游生计转型的影响因素，探讨渔民如何基于自身生计资本选择转型应对策略。研究发现，渔业生计模式中自然资本功能变化、人力资本变迁、物质资本升级更迭、文化资本失效形成的推力和旅游生计模式中政策性便利、工作环境改善、家庭关系优化、海洋情结维护形成的拉力是“失海”渔民旅游生计转型的主导影响因素；“失海”渔民生计资本构成要素包括自然资本、人力资本、物质资本、社会资本、金融资本和心理资本，其中，“心理资本”缺位是渔民旅游生计转型的重要障碍；依据生计资本占有类型与数量，“失海”渔民旅游生计转型表现为回避型、尝试型、专注型和变革型4种应对策略。本研究拓展了生计资本理论应用场景，验证了“失海”渔民通过旅游实现生计转型的可行性与独特价值。

关键词: “失海”渔民, 休闲渔业, 生计转型, 生计资本, 海洋旅游, 乡村振兴

Abstract:

Leisure fishing and maritime tourism serve as an important orientation for fishermen’s livelihood transformation. Therefore, it is of great significance theoretically and practically to investigate the influencing factors in the process of fishermen’s livelihood transformation, and fishermen’s decision on tactics selection. This paper adopts the push-pull theory and sustainable livelihood framework to study the factors that influence fishermen’s livelihood transformation and to uncover the veil of fishermen’s livelihood reconstruction through tourism. Qualitative data were collected in Xiangshan, Ningbo, through interviews and no-participatory observations. The research findings indicate that: (1) The push factors including functional change of natural capital, the change of human capital, the upgrade of physical capital and the dysfunction of cultural capital from the “fishery livelihood mode” and the pull factors including policy support, improvement of job environment, the optimization of family relationship and attachment to maritime culture from the “tourism livelihood mode” are leveraged to promote the transformation. (2) The livelihood capitals of sea-lost fishermen include natural capital, human capital, social capital, financial capital, physical capital and psychological capital; yet, the absence of psychological capital in the framework hinders the livelihood transformation. (3) The sea-lost fishermen have four types of tactics to cope with the livelihood transformation according to the matrix of livelihood capital’s coverage and richness: escape, exploration, focus, and innovation. The paper theoretically extends the application of sustainable livelihood theory, identifies the factors that affect sea-lost fishermen’s livelihood transformation, and verifies the possibility and unique value of the livelihood transformation via practicing tourism.

Key words: sea-lost fishermen, leisure fishery, livelihood mode transformation, livelihood capi-tal, maritime tourism, rural revitalization

乔桂强, 林心瑜, 逯清扬, 周彬. “失海”渔民旅游生计转型影响因素与应对策略[J]. 中国生态旅游, 2022, 12(5): 874-888.

Qiao Guiqiang, Lin Xinyu, Lu Qingyang, Zhou Bin. Research on influencing factors of sea-lost-fishermen’s tourism livelihood transformation and their coping tactics[J]. ECOTOURISM, 2022, 12(5): 874-888.

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生计资本类型	存在形式	表现形式	获取途径
自然资本	有形自然资本	渔民生产作业场域、海洋生物资源等	自然资源禀赋、个人或集体改造
自然资本	无形自然资本	适宜渔业生产的生态环境系统等	自然资源禀赋、个人或集体改造
物质资本	私人物质资本	住房、渔船、渔具、养殖设施、加工设备等	购买、租用、自行制作等
物质资本	共有物质资本	供水及卫生设施、供电和交通设施、通讯设施等	购买、租用、自行制作等
人力资本	体力水平	年龄、身体健康与营养、劳动力数量	自然赐予、个体培育
	知识水平	受教育水平，年龄	正式教育、培训、代际传递、社会资本等
	技能水平	培训机会、代际传递	正式教育、培训、代际传递、社会资本等
金融资本	食利性金融资本	储蓄、债券、股利分红、贷款等	剩余收入、金融机构等
金融资本	非食利性金融资本	劳动收入、政府补贴、保障性收入、借款等	劳动所得、政策性收入、社会资源
社会资本	个体社会关系	与亲戚、邻里或朋友亲密（一般）关系	信任、互惠及交换
社会资本	社会组织关系	社会组织领导（普通）型关系	纵向权威、横向组织规范制度

受访者	职业身份	年龄	性别	访谈时间
F1	高级导游、民宿主	约40岁	男	2022-01-06
F2	橘子小院民宿主（渔二代）	约30岁	女	2022-01-08
F3	渔民、船老大	约50岁	男	2022-01-12
F4	民宿促进协会会长	约50岁	男	2022-01-20
F5	休闲渔业从业者	约55岁	男	2022-01-23
F6	渔嫂	约45岁	女	2022-02-15
F7	普通船员	约50岁	女	2022-02-19
F8	休闲海钓从业者	约50岁	男	2022-02-26

观察对象	平台账号	年龄	粉丝数量	职业	视频主题内容
D1	感恩（象渔供488）	46岁	3 565	渔船经营者	日常生活和出海工作视频分享
D2	浙象供927	42岁	842	捕捞业船老大	出海工作和个人生活分享
D3	象渔供360	53岁	189	休闲海钓经营者	以海钓视频为主
D4	象山363海钓船-刘满仓	46岁	8 379	休闲海钓经营者（有渔船）	以休闲海钓和渔获视频
D5	浙象渔32033	36岁	266	捕捞业船老大	个人生活和出海捕鱼视频
D6	石浦船老大（海钓舟山带鱼）	45岁	23.1万	水产品经营	以海钓视频和渔获展示
D7	石浦船老大（蟹哒哒）	45岁	10.1万	渔船主（主播运营）	分享渔船出海日常
D8	象山港船老大	45岁	10.1万	捕捞业渔民	个人生活和捕鱼视频分享
D9	象山游渔生鲜经营部-游彩荣	33岁	1.6万	渔产品销售	渔产品销售，渔获进港直播

编号	原始语句	编码	描述性主题（动机）	分析性主题
F7	现在船多，这个（渔）网、设备也好起来了，渔网多，船还大。现在我们都到外海去捕，（但）鱼都不会进了，（渔业）资源都不会发展起来了。	升级渔业工具	过度捕捞	自然资本
F1	现在船多了，技术也好了，能捕到的鱼其实不太多。每年成本也在增加，包括油、人工啦。很多人已经负担不起船的开支了。	负担不起开支	捕捞成本上升	金融资本
F3	像我岁数也大了哈，想转业，转业没什么好干，万事起头难啊，岁数大了，你到厂里面打工他也不要你了。	年龄变化	转业转产歧视	人力资本
F2	我爸爸的兄弟全是捕鱼的，没有一个不是捕鱼的。但是，像我们这一辈的兄弟姐妹没有一个是捕鱼的。连搞海鲜的都很少的，首先选择的（是）离开这里去大城市。	联合家庭成员	强关系影响	社会资本
F4	象山今年要挤掉（淘汰）800条船啦，这个力度也是非常大的。	减船转产政策	设备过时过剩	物质资本
F5	渔民从小在渔船上工作，对海洋、渔船有一种情结。他离开船，就是感觉到岸上也不是很适应。	对海洋有情结	拒绝脱离惯常	心理资本