工业遗产创伤记忆及其对社区文化身份认同的作用机制——沈阳铁西案例研究

doi:10.12342/zgstly.20220082

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

当前的工业遗产运动中，遗产逐渐成为脱嵌社区发展的新型消费飞地或“纪念碑”式“工业圣地”。社区是遗产的原生主体，社区关于遗产的历史、记忆、知识以及身份认同等情感关系，构成了遗产保护利用和持续发展的重要挑战。本文以创伤记忆为理论视角，以沈阳铁西为案例地，通过综合分析国有大型工业企业厂志、网络文本、工人的访谈文本，旨在从理论上揭示创伤记忆影响社区身份认同和遗产保护的作用机制。研究发现：工业遗产保护过程对遗产的情感价值认识不足，缺少与社区的互动，导致社区将工业遗产看作外来文化；社区围绕环境、身体和文化创伤，形成了遗产的创伤记忆，这使得遗产地意义被重构，变成“爱恨交织”的伤痛之地；创伤记忆作为影响社区工业文化身份认同的重要因素，会限制社区在遗产保护中的参与和行动。因此，应承认工业遗产的冲突性和伤害性，并给予正视、呈现和回应；要重视社区的遗产主体身份，重建社区和遗产的关系；通过口述史、见证文学、集体叙述、旅游展演等途径，对创伤进行宣称和充分言说，建立过去与当下的联系，以便受创者走出记忆困境，形成遗产认同。这将有助于社区与权力、资本、专业知识形成合力，将工业遗产建构为社会的共同遗产，实现遗产保护利用的持续发展目标。

关键词: 工业遗产, 遗产社区, 创伤记忆, 文化身份认同, 作用机制

Abstract:

In the current industrial heritage movement, heritages have gradually become a new type of consumer enclave or monumental industrial holy site that is dis-embedded from the development of heritage communities. The community is the primary environment of a heritage, and the emotional relationship between the community and a heritage's history, memory, knowledge and identity constitutes an important challenge to the conservation, utilization and sustainable development of a heritage. From the theoretical perspective of traumatic memory, based on a comprehensive analysis of factory records of state-owned large-scale industrial enterprises, network texts, and interview texts of workers, this paper aims to reveal the mechanism of traumatic memory affecting community identity and heritage conservation in Tiexi District of Shenyang. It is found that the lack of understanding of the heritage’s emotional value in the process of industrial heritage conservation and the lack of interaction with the community are reasons for the community to treat the industrial heritage as a foreign culture. Influenced by the environment, body and cultural trauma, the community forms the traumatic memory of the heritage, which makes the meaning of the heritage site reconstructed and become a “love-hate” painful place. As an important factor affecting community industrial cultural identity, traumatic memory will limit community participation and action in heritage conservation. This paper argues that the contradictory and detrimental features of industrial heritage should be recognized, and envisaged, presented and responded to; We should value the identity of community as the primary environment of heritage and rebuild the relationship between community and heritage; Through oral history, witness literature, collective narration, tourism exhibition and other ways, trauma can be declared and fully explained, so as to establish the connection between the past and the present, thus the “victims” can depart from the memory dilemma and form a heritage identity. This will help the industrial heritage grow into the common heritage of the society, and achieve the sustainable development of heritage conservation and utilization through the collaboration of community and power, capital, and professional knowledge.

Key words: industrial heritage, heritage communities, traumatic memory, cultural identity, mechanism

刘丽华, 何军. 工业遗产创伤记忆及其对社区文化身份认同的作用机制——沈阳铁西案例研究[J]. 中国生态旅游, 2023, 13(2): 316-328.

Liu Lihua, He Jun. Traumatic memory of industrial heritage and its mechanism for community cultural identity: A case study of Tiexi District, Shenyang[J]. ECOTOURISM, 2023, 13(2): 316-328.

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遗产名称	保护方式	利用现状	遗产名称	保护方式	利用现状
沈阳铸造厂	国家工业遗产	中国工业博物馆	铁西老工厂传说故事	非物质文化遗产	铁西文化馆展览
铁西工人村历史建筑群	省级文物保护单位	工人村生活馆	铁西工人村	历史文化街区	居家养老服务中心、综合性商业业态
沈阳重型机械集团二金工车间	市级文物保护单位	1905文创园	沈阳市工人文化宫	市级文物保护单位	沈阳职工文化体育活动中心
东北耐火材料厂旧址建筑群	历史建筑	奉天工场	沈阳红梅味精厂建筑群	历史建筑	红梅文创园

园区名称	再利用企业	功能与业态	名称内涵
1905文化创意园	沈阳重型机械厂	文化创意产业综合体、AAA级旅游景区	铁西工业区始建时间
奉天记忆文化创意园	沈阳飞轮厂	多功能文化产业园	城市记忆
铁西梦工厂文化创意街区	沈阳弹簧厂	体育潮流文化街区	城市记忆
红梅文创园	沈阳红梅味精厂	艺术孵化基地	企业历史记忆
电机厂文化创意产业园	沈阳电机厂	东北联合艺术大学堂	企业历史记忆
奉天工场	沈阳冶金机械有限公司^*	综合性园区	城市记忆

企业年份	YLC 1950—1986	ZXC 1953—1984	GFJC1952—1985	BYQC 1949—1984	DYC 1951—1985	DLC 1956—1986	QCZZC 1962—1985	XCC 1965—1985	DLJXC 1958—1984
事故人次（人次）	7 255	12 190	4 935	5 301	4 645	5 412	1 216	1 836	830
职工总数（人）	14 999	12 880	4 218	5 983	8 758	11 139	7 554	2 506	1 371