迈向可持续目标的中国生态旅游发展研究

doi:10.12342/zgstly.20210001

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

生态旅游是自然保护地体系建设、国土空间保护利用、美丽中国等重点生态文明工程建设的重要载体。本文对生态旅游发展研究进行了深入分析,探讨了迈向可持续发展目标下中国生态旅游发展研究需要关注的重点领域。研究认为：生态旅游对于联合国可持续发展目标（Sustainable Development Goals, SDG）实现具有多维促进作用,大众生态旅游在现代化管理制度、技术规范和生态文明的中国话语体系中具有较强的适用性。当代中国生态旅游发展具有与以往国外后工业化时期生态旅游完全不同的时代特点,外部环境和关联要素正在不断促使生态旅游发展寻求新的发展路径。自然生态、地域功能、承载能力和经济发展共同勾画出当代中国生态旅游的发展图景,未来研究需要建立以资源环境容量为底线、以生态游憩机会图谱和时空匹配为规律、以空间治理和现代化管控为提升、以强约束低损耗的政策和技术标准为配套的四位一体发展体系,从而为中国实现生态环境严格保护和经济社会可持续发展多元目标提供支撑。

关键词: 生态旅游, SDG, 本土化研究, 中国

Abstract:

As an important carrier to promote tourism transformation and high-quality development, ecotourism plays a unique role in the key ecological civilization projects such as the construction of natural reserves system, the spatial protection and utilization of national land, and the Beautiful China. In this paper, an in-depth analysis of the ecotourism development research was conducted and the key areas of ecotourism development research in China was discussed in the context of moving towards sustainable development. Analysis shows that ecotourism plays a role in promoting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) from multi-dimensions. Mass ecotourism is strongly applicable in the discourse system of China including modern management system, technical norms, and ecological civilization. Contemporary China's ecological tourism development is completely different from the one in foreign countries during the past post-industrial time. Both facing climate change and human activities, green low carbon and the macro background of production mode transformation, and the space development and utilization, natural protected area system construction, high quality tourism development and regional industrial structure adjustment is closely related to national strategy, such as a series of external environment and the associated elements to seek the new development of ecological tourism development path. Natural ecology, geographical features, carrying capacity, and economic development outline the contemporary China's ecological tourism development. The future studies need to build to form an integrated system that treats the resources and environment capacity as the bottom line, follows the rules of the ecological recreation opportunity spectrum and the matching of time and space, utilize space governance and modern management as improvement strategies, and takes "highly restricted, low loss" policy and technical standards into consideration. By adopting the above system, the goals of ecological environment protection and sustainable economic and social development can be achieved.

Key words: ecotourism, SDG, indigenous research, China

陈田, 虞虎, 王甫园. 迈向可持续目标的中国生态旅游发展研究[J]. 中国生态旅游, 2021, 11(1): 78-94.

CHEN Tian, YU Hu, WANG Fuyuan. Research on ecotourism development in China: Moving towards the goal of sustainability[J]. ECOTOURISM, 2021, 11(1): 78-94.

图/表 5

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生态旅游可持续管理工具

管理工具	功能
游憩承载能力（Recreation Carrying Capacity, RCC）	自然保护地环境所能承受的游客数量极限与游客对环境冲击极限;建立在生物物理、社会人文、心理以及管理方面的衡量尺度
游憩机会图谱（Recreation Opportunity Spectrum, ROS）	运用在规划、场地设计、发展与经营管理方面,确定一个地区所能包含的设施与活动,建立多样化的游憩体验机会
游客影响管理模型（Visitor Impact Management, VIM）	评价最适合遗产地的游客体验,核心是区域内可开展的游憩活动,通过游憩区划分管理来保证游客体验品质
可接受改变的限度（Limit of Acceptable Change, LAC）	旅游目的地资源环境受到游客行为影响并导致环境质量下降,须设定极限值,管理游客行为和影响;鉴定和测评资源极限状况,制定相应措施
生态旅游机会图谱（Ecotourism Opportunities Spectrum, ECOS）	将因子按照图谱的类型以连续轴的思想进行程度划分,将生态图谱分为专家类型、中间类型和普适类型3类;专家类型是最严格的生态旅游形式,普适类型是较不严格的生态旅游形式
旅游最优化管理模型（Tourism Optimization Management Model, TOMM）	通过初期制定的理想状态对游客活动和影响进行管理;用监测体系确定理想状态是否在可接受标准内;用决策程序确定采取任何管理活动达到理想状态
游客活动管理规划（Visitor Activity Management Plan, VAMPA）	解决游客之间、游客与遗产地之间、游客与管理者之间的冲突和压力;管理者要为游客提供以活动行为为中心的服务
游客体验与资源保护管理（Visitor Experience and Resources Protection,VERP）	在相关利益方的价值判断取得妥协的情况下,通过监测关键指标控制在特定的许可范围内,构建具体的、可测量的能够反映某个分区整体状况的变量,实现对风景资源有效而无害的永续利用

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