国家公园生态银行模式构建——以神农架国家公园试点为例

doi:10.12342/zgstly.20210057

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

自然保护地生态资源向生态资本转化过程中,生态信用买卖双方主体确认、交易步骤、额度分配等一直是实践难题。本文在借鉴国外生态银行机制模式与运行经验的基础上,尝试从组织结构、信用标准、交易方式3个方面,构建基于生态资源评估的发起者、开发者与第三方监管参与的生态银行运作模式。以神农架国家公园试点为实证案例,参考已有生态系统服务价值当量表、不同土地利用类型的当量因子修正等研究成果,对2005、2010、2015及2018年的生态系统服务价值评估发现,河渠、滩涂、林地的生态信用最高,水田、旱地、建设用地生态信用最低,以此提出神农架国家公园试点的生态信用下限,以期为神农架国家公园试点和其他自然保护地构建生态银行机制和确定生态信用标准提供参考。

关键词: 生态银行, 生态信用, 生态系统服务价值, 国家公园, 神农架

Abstract:

In the process of transforming the natural resources of nature reserves into natural capital, the confirmation of the main body of the buyers and sellers of ecological credit, transaction procedures, and quota allocation have always been practical problems. Based on the mechanism model and operating experience of foreign eco-bank, this article attempts to construct an eco-bank operation model based on the evaluation of eco-resources from the three aspects of organizational structure, credit standards, and transaction methods. Taking the Shennongjia National Park pilot project as an empirical case, referring to the existing research results of the ecosystem service value equivalent table and the equivalent factor correction of different land use types, the evaluation of the ecosystem service value of the Shennongjia National Park in 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2018 found The ecological credit of river channels, tidal flats, and forest land is the highest, and the ecological credit of paddy fields, dry land, and construction land is the lowest. This proposed the lower limit of ecological credit for Shennongjia National Park, with a view to building an ecological bank mechanism and ecological credit standards for Shennongjia National Park and other nature reserves Provide reference for the determination.

Key words: National Parks, Eco Bank, Eco Credit, Ecosystem Service Value

刘军, 刘霁玮, 岳梦婷. 国家公园生态银行模式构建——以神农架国家公园试点为例[J]. 中国生态旅游, 2021, 11(5): 798-810.

LIU Jun, LIU Jiwei, YUE Mengting. National park ecological bank model construction: A case of Shennongjia National Park Pilot[J]. ECOTOURISM, 2021, 11(5): 798-810.

图/表 6

图1

图2

表1

表2

表3

表4

参考文献 35

[1]	吴承照. 国家公园是保护性绿色发展模式[J]. 旅游学刊, 2018, 33(8):1-2.
	[Wu Chengzhao. The model about National parks are created for conservation green development[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2018, 33(8):1-2.]
[2]	光琳, 徐倩, 王慧. 基于赤道原则的我国商业银行绿色信贷发展策略研究. 武汉金融, 2017(10):54-60.
	[Guang Lin, Xu Qian, Wang Hui. Research on the development strategy of green credit of China's commercial banks based on Equator Principle.[J]. Wuhan Finance, 2017(10):54-60.]
[3]	文同爱, 王虹. 生态银行制度探析[J]. 时代法学, 2010, 8(3):50-55.
	[Wen Tongai, Wang Hong. Analysis on the construction of a system at eco-bank[J]. Presentday Law Science, 2010, 8(3):50-55.]
[4]	Scholtens B, Dam L. Banking on the equator. are banks that adopted the equator principles different from non-adopters?[J]. World Development, 2007, 35(8):1307-1328. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.10.013
[5]	赵晓宇, 李超. “生态银行”的国际经验与启示. 国土资源情报, 2020(4):24-28.
	[Zhao Xiaoyu, Li Chao. International experience of ecological banking and its enlightment[J]. Land and Resources Information, 2020(4):24-28.]
[6]	Costanza R, de Groot R, Braat L, et al. Twenty years of ecosystem services: How far have we come and how far do we still need to go?[J]. Ecosystem Services, 2017, 28:1-16. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.09.008
[7]	柳荻, 胡振通, 靳乐山. 美国湿地缓解银行实践与中国启示: 市场创建和市场运行[J]. 中国土地科学, 2018, 32(1):65-72.
	[Liu Di, Hu Zhentong, Jin Leshan. American wetland mitigation bank practice and its implications for China: Market creation and operation[J]. China Land Science, 2018, 32(1):65-72.]
[8]	唐圣囡, 李京梅. 美国湿地补偿银行制度运转的关键点及对中国的启示[J]. 湿地科学, 2018, 16(6):764-770.
	[Tang Shengnan, Li Jingmei. Key points of the operation of the US wetland mitigation banking system and its inspiration to China[J]. Wetland Science, 2018, 16(6):764-770.]
[9]	Brathwaite A, Pascal N, Clua E. When are payment for ecosystems services suitable for coral reef derived coastal protection? : A review of scientific requirements[J]. Ecosystem Services, 2021, 49:101261. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoser.2021.101261
[10]	Sone J S, Gesualdo G C, Zamboni P A P, et al. Water provisioning improvement through payment for ecosystem services[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 655:1197-1206. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.319
[11]	苏芳, 郑亚萍, 阚立娜, 等. 基于CVM调查法评估城市公共绿地服务价值——以西部省会城市为例[J]. 长江流域资源与环境, 2018, 27(11):2434-2442.
	[Su Fang, Zheng Yaping, Kan Lina, et al. Evaluation of services value of public green space in provincial capitals of urban agglomeration in Western China[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2018, 27(11):2434-2442.]
[12]	尚海洋, 寇莹, 宋妮妮. 干旱区内陆河流域农户生态补偿支付意愿的空间异质性分析——以石羊河为例[J]. 冰川冻土, 2020, 42(4):1376-1383.
	[Shang Haiyang, Kou Ying, Song Nini. Spatial heterogeneity analysis of farmers' willingness to pay ecological compensation in arid inland river basin: Take Shiyang River basin as an example[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2020, 42(4):1376-1383.]
[13]	刘耕源, 杨青. 生态系统服务的三元价值理论及在大尺度生态补偿上的应用探讨[J]. 中国环境管理, 2019, 11(1):29-37.
	[Liu Gengyuan, Yang Qing. Ternary valuation theory of ecosystem services and its application in large-scale ecological compensation[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Management, 2019, 11(1):29-37.]
[14]	Zabawa J, Kozyra C. Eco-banking in relation to financial performance of the sector—the evidence from Poland[J]. Sustainability, 2020, 12(6):2162. doi: 10.3390/su12062162
[15]	Vaissière A C, Levrel H, Pioch S. Wetland mitigation banking: Negotiations with stakeholders in a zone of ecological-economic viability[J]. Land Use Policy, 2017, 69:512-518. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.09.049
[16]	Lave R. Stream mitigation banking[J]. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 2018, 5(3):e1279.
[17]	Levrel H, Scemama P, Vaissière A C. Should we be wary of mitigation banking? evidence regarding the risks associated with this wetland offset arrangement in Florida[J]. Ecological Economics, 2017, 135:136-149. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.12.025
[18]	谢高地, 张彩霞, 张昌顺等. 中国生态系统服务的价值[J]. 资源科学, 2015, 37(9):1740-1746.
	[Xie Gaodi, Zhang Caixia, Zhang Changshun, et al. The value of ecosystem services in China[J]. Resources Science, 2015, 37(9):1740-1746.]
[19]	姚小薇, 曾杰, 李旺君. 武汉城市圈城镇化与土地生态系统服务价值空间相关特征[J]. 农业工程学报, 2015, 31(9):249-256.
	[Yao Xiaowei, Zeng Jie, Li Wangjun. Spatial correlation characteristics of urbanization and land ecosystem service value in Wuhan Urban Agglomeration[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2015, 31(9):249-256.]
[20]	李锋, 王如松, 赵丹. 基于生态系统服务的城市生态基础设施: 现状、问题与展望[J]. 生态学报, 2014, 34(1):190-200.
	[Li Feng, Wang Rusong, Zhao Dan. Urban ecological infrastructure based on ecosystem services: Status, problems and perspectives[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2014, 34(1):190-200.]
[21]	王鹏涛, 张立伟, 李英杰, 等. 汉江上游生态系统服务权衡与协同关系时空特征[J]. 地理学报, 2017, 72(11):2064-2078. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201711011
	[Wang Pengtao, Zhang Liwei, Li Yingjie, et al. Spatio-temporal characteristics of the trade-off and synergy relationships among multiple ecosystem services in the Upper Reaches of Hanjiang River Basin[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(11):2064-2078.]
[22]	崔丽娟, 庞丙亮, 李伟, 等. 扎龙湿地生态系统服务价值评价[J]. 生态学报, 2016, 36(3):828-836.
	[Cui Lijuan, Pang Bingliang, Li Wei, et al. Evaluation of ecosystem services in the Zhalong wetland[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2016, 36(3):828-836.]
[23]	陈阳, 张建军, 杜国明, 等. 三江平原北部生态系统服务价值的时空演变[J]. 生态学报, 2015, 35(18):6157-6164.
	[Chen Yang, Zhang Jianjun, Du Guoming, et al. Temporal and spatial changes in ecosystem service values in the northern Sanjiang plain[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2015, 35(18):6157-6164.]
[24]	肖强, 肖洋, 欧阳志云, 等. 重庆市森林生态系统服务功能价值评估[J]. 生态学报, 2014, 34(1):216-223.
	[Xiao Qiang, Xiao Yang, Ouyang Zhiyun, et al. Value assessment of the function of the forest ecosystem services in Chongqing[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2014, 34(1):216-223.]
[25]	何思源, 苏杨, 王蕾, 等. 国家公园游憩功能的实现——武夷山国家公园试点区游客生态系统服务需求和支付意愿[J]. 自然资源学报, 2019, 34(1):40-53.
	[He Siyuan, Su Yang, Wang Lei, et al. Realisation of recreation in National Parks: A perspective of ecosystem services demand and willingness to pay of tourists in Wuyishan Pilot[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2019, 34(1):40-53.]
[26]	李丽, 王心源, 骆磊, 等. 生态系统服务价值评估方法综述[J]. 生态学杂志, 2018, 37(4):1233-1245.
	[Li Li, Wang Xinyuan, Luo Lei, et al. A systematic review on the methods of ecosystem services value assessment[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2018, 37(4):1233-1245.]
[27]	谢高地, 张彩霞, 张雷明, 等. 基于单位面积价值当量因子的生态系统服务价值化方法改进[J]. 自然资源学报, 2015, 30(8):1243-1254.
	[Xie Gaodi, Zhang Caixia, Zhang Leiming, et al. Improvement of the evaluation method for ecosystem service value based on per unit area[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2015, 30(8):1243-1254.]
[28]	张文明. 完善生态产品价值实现机制——基于福建森林生态银行的调研. 宏观经济管理, 2020(3):73-79.
	[Zhang Wenming. Improve the mechanism for realizing the value of ecological products—A survey on Fujian Forest Ecology Bank[J]. Macroeconomic Management, 2020(3):73-79.]
[29]	崔莉, 厉新建, 程哲. 自然资源资本化实现机制研究——以南平市“生态银行”为例[J]. 管理世界, 2019, 35(9):95-100.
	[Cui Li, Li Xinjian, Cheng Zhe. The realization mechanism of natural resources capitalization: A case study of Nanping city “ecological bank”[J]. Management World, 2019, 35(9):95-100.]
[30]	谢高地, 甄霖, 鲁春霞, 等. 一个基于专家知识的生态系统服务价值化方法[J]. 自然资源学报, 2008, 23(5):911-919.
	[Xie Gaodi, Zhen Lin, Lu Chunxia, et al. Expert knowledge based valuation method of ecosystem services in China[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2008, 23(5):911-919.]
[31]	赖敏, 吴绍洪, 尹云鹤, 等. 三江源区基于生态系统服务价值的生态补偿额度[J]. 生态学报, 2015, 35(2):227-236.
	[Lai Min, Wu Shaohong, Yin Yunhe, et al. Accounting for eco-compensation in the three-river headwaters region based on ecosystem service value[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2015, 35(2):227-236.]
[32]	Costanza R, d'Arge R, de Groot R, et al. The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital[J]. Ecological Economics, 1998, 25(1):3-15. doi: 10.1016/S0921-8009(98)00020-2
[33]	吴建寨, 李波, 张新时, 等. 天山北坡土地利用/覆被及生态系统服务功能变化[J]. 干旱区地理, 2007, 30(5):728-735.
	[Wu Jianzhai, Li Bo, Zhang Xinshi, et al. Land use/cover change and ecosystem service values in the north of Tianshan Mountains[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2007, 30(5):728-735.]
[34]	熊侣英, 师学义. 黄土山丘区土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响——以长河流域为例[J]. 水土保持研究, 2018, 25(2):335-340, 389.
	[Xiong Lvying, Shi Xueyi. Effects of land use change on ecosystem service value in the loess hilly area—A case study of the changhe river basin[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2018, 25(2):335-340, 389.]
[35]	高振斌, 王小莉, 苏婧, 等. 基于生态系统服务价值评估的东江流域生态补偿研究[J]. 生态与农村环境学报, 2018, 34(6):563-570.
	[Gao Zhenbin, Wang Xiaoli, Su Jing, et al. Ecological compensation of Dongjiang river basin based on evaluation of ecosystem service value[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2018, 34(6):563-570.]

一级类型	二级类型	水田	旱地	高覆盖度草地	中覆盖度草地	低覆盖度草地	裸土地	针叶林	灌木林	针阔混交林	阔叶林	河渠	滩地
供给服务	A	1.36	0.85	0.23	0.18	0.13	0	0.22	0.19	0.31	0.29	0.8	0.51
	B	0.09	0.4	0.34	0.26	0.18	0	0.52	0.43	0.71	0.66	0.23	0.5
	C	-2.63	0.02	0.19	0.15	0.10	0	0.27	0.22	0.37	0.34	8.29	2.59
调节服务	D	1.11	0.67	1.21	0.93	0.65	0.02	1.7	1.41	2.35	2.17	0.77	1.9
	E	0.57	0.36	3.19	2.45	1.72	0	5.07	4.23	7.03	6.5	2.29	3.6
	F	0.17	0.1	1.05	0.81	0.57	0.1	1.49	1.28	1.99	1.93	5.55	3.6
	G	2.72	0.27	2.34	1.80	1.26	0.03	3.34	3.35	3.51	4.74	102.24	24.23
支持服务	H	0.01	1.03	1.47	1.13	0.79	0.02	2.06	1.72	2.86	2.65	0.93	2.31
	I	0.19	0.12	0.11	0.09	0.06	0	0.16	0.13	0.22	0.2	0.07	0.18
	J	0.21	0.13	1.34	1.03	0.72	0.02	1.88	1.57	2.6	2.41	2.55	7.87
文化服务	K	0.09	0.06	0.59	0.45	0.32	0.01	0.82	0.69	1.14	1.06	1.89	4.73
合计		3.89	4.01	12.06	9.28	6.50	0.2	17.53	15.22	23.09	22.95	125.61	52.02

年份	粮食产量（t）	粮食面积 (hm²)	平均粮食价格（yuan/kg）	单位面积价值（yuan/hm²）	居民消费价格指数CPI	环比	消除价格影响
2005	18 845	7 077	1.40	531.62	103.6	1.00	531.62
2010	21 407	7 258	2.02	852.18	103.4	1.00	850.53
2015	22 565	6 426	2.52	1 264.15	101.4	0.98	1 237.30
2018	19 800	5 650	2.88	1 440.82	102	0.98	1 418.57

土地利用类型		年份
土地利用类型		2005	2010	2015	2018
价值量	水田	66.80	100.68	146.27	167.97
	旱地	648.89	964.88	1 388.99	1 608.97
	高覆盖度草地	6 335.51	10 123.31	14 720.91	16 795.23
	中覆盖度草地	2 306.90	3 735.50	5 433.75	6 223.61
	低覆盖度草地	19.90	10.12	14.73	22.39
	裸土地	0.10	-	-	-
	针叶	9 540.66	15 276.32	22 229.95	25 506.61
	灌木林	21 800.05	34 910.60	50 777.20	58 049.89
	针阔混交	31 319.24	50 147.77	72 974.52	83 730.86
	阔叶	44 070.82	70 565.35	102 685.97	117 821.73
	河渠	532.44	1 203.45	1 751.96	1 994.06
	滩地	0.00	46.69	68.97	78.48
	建设用地	-	-	-	-
总价值量		116 641.31	187 084.68	272 193.23	311 999.80

土地利用类型		年份
土地利用类型		2005年	2010年	2015年	2018年
生态信用	水田	0.21	0.33	0.48	0.55
	旱地	0.21	0.34	0.50	0.57
	高覆盖度草地	0.64	1.03	1.49	1.71
	中覆盖度草地	0.49	0.79	1.15	1.32
	低覆盖度草地	0.35	0.55	0.80	0.92
	裸土地	0.01	-	-	-
	针叶	0.93	1.49	2.17	2.49
	灌木林	0.81	1.29	1.88	2.16
	针阔混交	1.23	1.96	2.86	3.28
	阔叶	1.22	1.95	2.84	3.26
	河渠	6.68	10.68	15.54	17.82
	滩地	0.00	4.42	6.44	7.38
	建设用地	-	-	-	-
总值		1.00	1.60	2.33	2.67