中国生态旅游 ›› 2023, Vol. 13 ›› Issue (3): 526-539.doi: 10.12342/zgstly.20220163
• 研学旅游 • 上一篇
收稿日期:
2022-12-25
修回日期:
2023-04-11
出版日期:
2023-06-28
发布日期:
2023-08-04
通讯作者:
*廖健豪(1996-),男,硕士生,研究方向为旅游人类学与旅游社会学。E-mail: liao-elotfuse@foxmail.com作者简介:
温士贤(1982-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为旅游人类学、动物伦理问题与城市民族关系。E-mail: shixian64@163.com
基金资助:
Wen Shixian1,2(), Chen Yuyan1, Liao Jianhao1,*(
)
Received:
2022-12-25
Revised:
2023-04-11
Published:
2023-06-28
Online:
2023-08-04
Contact:
*Liao Jianhao. E-mail: liao-elotfuse@foxmail.com摘要:
动物园是城市社会的重要旅游空间,也是开展动物保护与自然教育的重要基地。近年来,动物园的动物福利和伦理问题引起社会广泛关注。本研究以广州动物园为案例,综合运用实地调研与文本分析两种方法,尝试以“动物景观”为理论框架,探讨城市动物园的动物景观演变及其自然教育实践。研究发现:城市动物园经历了从猎奇与流动的观赏性动物景观,到扩张与亲近的娱乐性动物景观,再到丰容与科学的生态性动物景观的进阶演变过程,动物景观的进阶动力源于人类越发正视和尊重动物天性及可供性的显著趋势。人类并非动物景观的唯一生产者,动物的能动性和主体性贯穿城市动物园动物景观演变的全过程,动物会根据人类所设的生存条件参与动物景观的生产过程,并以自身的身体、习性和行为等维度深刻影响自然教育的形式及层次。做好动物保育工作和注重伦理问题有利于生产更高阶的动物景观,从而助促自然教育的进一步发展。
温士贤, 陈钰妍, 廖健豪. 城市动物园的动物景观演变与自然教育实践:广州动物园案例[J]. 中国生态旅游, 2023, 13(3): 526-539.
Wen Shixian, Chen Yuyan, Liao Jianhao. The evolution of animal landscape and practice of nature education in urban zoos: A case study of Guangzhou Zoo[J]. ECOTOURISM, 2023, 13(3): 526-539.
表1
广州动物园“动物课堂”项目的代表活动①
活动形式 | 活动主题 | 活动内容 | 面向对象 |
---|---|---|---|
自然研学课程(收费) | 动物园奇妙夜 | 读绘本、夜视仪观察动物行为 | 3~6岁亲子家庭 |
观鸟亲子活动 | 学习观鸟方法和自然科学知识 | 6~13岁亲子家庭 | |
动物征名活动 | 认识动物家族和学习动物知识 | 5~12岁亲子家庭 | |
动物宝宝过节 | 寻找动物宝宝和科普动物繁育 | 7~12岁儿童 | |
动物营养师 | 了解动物食性和培养动手能力 | ||
少年动物学家 | 参与野生动物保护的实践课程 | 中小学生 | |
公益科普课堂(免费) | 科普大讲堂 | 开设动物科学知识的主题讲座 | 全公众 |
动物故事会 | 讲解动物行为习性等趣闻知识 | ||
校外课堂 | 在园或到校开讲动物知识课堂 | 幼儿园和小学 | |
科普志愿服务(免费) | 野生动物代言人 | 为游客宣讲野生动物科学知识 | 中小学生 |
丰容志愿者 | 制作动物玩具和布置丰容设施 | 18岁以上 | |
自然导赏员 | 学习组织开展自然教育课程 | 18~64岁 | |
主题日宣传教育(免费) | 世界野生动植物日 | 宣传野生动植物保护法律法规 | 全公众 |
爱鸟周主题活动 | 宣传鸟类识别和护鸟科学知识 | ||
国际生物多样性日 | 宣讲动物保护政策与法律法规 | ||
野生动物宣传月 | 宣传生物多样性与动物栖息地 |
[1] | Hosey G, Melfi V, Pankhurst S. Zoo Animals: Behaviour, Management and Welfare[M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009: 15. |
[2] | 花蚀. 逛动物园是件正经事[M]. 北京: 商务印书馆, 2020: 14-32. |
[ Hua Shi. Visiting the Zoo Is A Serious Affair[M]. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 2020: 14-32.] | |
[3] | 温士贤, 廖健豪, 蔡浩辉, 等. 旅游空间中的动物情感劳动与动物伦理困境[J]. 旅游科学, 2021, 35(6): 1-17. |
[ Wen Shixian, Liao Jianhao, Cai Haohui, et al. Animal affective labour and ethics dilemma in tourism spaces[J]. Tourism Science, 2021, 35(6): 1-17.] | |
[4] | 朱英. 上海动物园: 近代中国休闲娱乐与社会教育的新设施[J]. 史学月刊, 2022(1): 31-45. |
[ Zhu Ying. Shanghai Zoo: New facility for recreation and social education in modern China[J]. Journal of Historical Science, 2022(1): 31-45.] | |
[5] | 唐乐, 周舟, 甘德欣. 生态动物园设计的核心理念与发展方向[J]. 湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版), 2010, 36(S2): 79-82. |
[ Tang Le, Zhou Zhou, Gan Dexin. The core concept and development direction of ecological zoo design[J]. Journal of Hunan Agricultural University (Natural Sciences), 2010, 36(S2): 79-82.] | |
[6] | 刘俊, 周碧蕾. “旅游+教育”的核心意涵和实践路径[J]. 旅游学刊, 2022, 37(11): 1-3. |
[ Liu Jun, Zhou Bilei. The core meaning and practical path of “tourism + education”[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2022, 37(11): 1-3.] | |
[7] | 温士贤, 廖健豪. 研学旅行中的生态文明与动物伦理教育[J]. 旅游学刊, 2022, 37(11): 11-13. |
[ Wen Shixian, Liao Jianhao. Ecological civilization and animal ethics education in study tour[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2022, 37(11): 11-13.] | |
[8] | Naveh Z, Lieberman A S. Landscape Ecology: Theory and Application[M]. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1984: 356. |
[9] | 李旭旦. 人文地理学概论[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1985: 12. |
[ Li Xudan. Introduction to Human Geography[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1985: 12.] | |
[10] | 单霁翔. 从“文化景观”到“文化景观遗产”(上)[J]. 东南文化, 2010(2): 7-18. |
[ Shan Jixiang. From the cultural landscape to the cultural landscape heritage (Part One)[J]. Southeast Culture, 2010(2): 7-18.] | |
[11] | Sauer C. The morphology of landscape[J]. University of California Publications in Geography, 1925, 2(2): 19-54. |
[12] | 王鹏飞. 文化地理学[M]. 北京: 首都师范大学出版社, 2012: 22. |
[ Wang Pengfei. Cultural Geography[M]. Beijing: Capital Normal University Press, 2012: 22.] | |
[13] | Sauer C. Recent developments in cultural geography[M]//Hayes E C. Recent Developments in the Social Sciences. Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Lippincott, 1927: 154-212. |
[14] | 郭镇之. 理论溯源: 文化地理学与文化间传播[J]. 全球传媒学刊, 2019, 6(2): 116-128. |
[ Guo Zhenzhi. Theoretical tracing: Cultural geography and intercultural communication[J]. Global Media Journal, 2019, 6(2): 116-128.] | |
[15] | 江莉莉. 21世纪的中国与中国地理学: 一场文化(地理)革命?[J]. 人文地理, 2013, 28(1): 1-9, 19. |
[ Jiang Lili. China and geography in the 21st Century: A cultural (geographicial) revolution?[J]. Human Geography, 2013, 28(1): 1-9, 19.] | |
[16] | 周尚意, 孔翔, 朱竑. 文化地理学[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2004: 6-7, 301-302. |
[ Zhou Shangyi, Kong Xiang, Zhu Hong. Cultural Geography[M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2004: 6-7, 301-302.] | |
[17] | 周尚意. 文化地理学研究方法及学科影响[J]. 中国科学院院刊, 2011, 26(4): 415-422. |
[ Zhou Shangyi. On the research framework and methodologies of cultural geography[J]. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2011, 26(4): 415-422.] | |
[18] |
廖健豪, 蔡浩辉, 陶伟. 重新认识人类与动物: 西方新动物地理学研究进展[J]. 地理科学, 2021, 41(11): 1980-1991.
doi: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2021.11.011 |
[ Liao Jianhao, Cai Haohui, Tao Wei. Rethinking human-animal relationships: The progress of western Animal Geographies[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2021, 41(11): 1980-1991.]
doi: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2021.11.011 |
|
[19] | Bennett C F. Cultural animal geography: An inviting field of research[J]. Professional Geographer, 1960, 12(5): 12-14. |
[20] | Duncan J. The City as Text: The Politics of Landscape Interpretation in the Kandyan Kingdom[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990: 17. |
[21] |
Gibbs L M. Water places: Cultural, social and more-than-human geographies of nature[J]. Scottish Geographical Journal, 2009, 125(3-4): 361-369.
doi: 10.1080/14702540903364393 |
[22] | 马凌, 朱竑, 王敏. 重返“物质”: 新文化地理学视角下的消费研究及进展评述[J]. 人文地理, 2019, 34(3): 44-52, 82. |
[ Ma Ling, Zhu Hong, Wang Min. Review of re-materialization and consumption studies in new cultural geography[J]. Human Geography, 2019, 34(3): 44-52, 82.] | |
[23] |
Whatmore S. Materialist returns: Practising cultural geography in and for a more-than-human world[J]. Cultural Geographies, 2006, 13(4): 600-609.
doi: 10.1191/1474474006cgj377oa |
[24] |
朱竑, 尹铎. 自然的社会建构: 西方人文地理学对自然的再认识[J]. 地理科学, 2017, 37(11): 1609-1616.
doi: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2017.11.001 |
[ Zhu Hong, Yin Duo. Social construction of nature: The rethink of western human geography on nature[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2017, 37(11): 1609-1616.]
doi: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2017.11.001 |
|
[25] |
崔庆明, 徐红罡. 反思生态旅游中自然的社会建构[J]. 旅游导刊, 2019, 3(4): 15-29.
doi: 10.12054/lydk.bisu.119 |
[ Cui Qingming, Xu Honggang. Rethinking the social construction of nature in ecotourism research[J]. Tourism and Hospitality Prospects, 2019, 3(4): 15-29.] | |
[26] |
卢薇, 尹铎, 朱竑. 西方超越人类的地理学研究进展[J]. 地理学报, 2019, 74(10): 2178-2191.
doi: 10.11821/dlxb201910016 |
[ Lu Wei, Yin Duo, Zhu Hong. The progress of more-than-human geographies in Western geography[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2019, 74(10): 2178-2191.]
doi: 10.11821/dlxb201910016 |
|
[27] | Gibson C, Waitt G. Cultural geography[M]// KitchinR, ThriftN. The International Encyclopedia of Human. London: Elsevier, 2009: 411-424. |
[28] |
蔡晓梅, 曹婧, 刘俊. 拼装理论在人文地理学研究中的应用与展望[J]. 地理学报, 2022, 77(10): 2633-2649.
doi: 10.11821/dlxb202210014 |
[ Cai Xiaomei; Cao Jing, Liu Jun. The application and prospect of assemblage theory in human geography research[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2022, 77(10): 2633-2649.]
doi: 10.11821/dlxb202210014 |
|
[29] | Emel J, Wilbert C, Wolch J. Animal geographies[J]. Society and Animals, 2002, 10(4): 406-412. |
[30] |
Wolch J. Anima urbis[J]. Progress in Human Geography, 2002, 26(6): 721-742.
doi: 10.1191/0309132502ph400oa |
[31] | Anderson K. Culture and nature at the Adelaide Zoo: At the frontiers of “human” geography[J]. Transactions of the Insti tute of British Geographers, 1995, 20(3): 275-294. |
[32] |
尹铎, 高权, 朱竑. 广州鳄鱼公园野生动物旅游中的生命权力运作[J]. 地理学报, 2017, 72(10): 1872-1885.
doi: 10.11821/dlxb201710011 |
[ Yin Duo, Gao Quan, Zhu Hong. The excise of biopower in wildlife tourism: A case study of Crocodile Park, Guangzhou[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(10): 1872-1885.]
doi: 10.11821/dlxb201710011 |
|
[33] |
Plourde L. Cat cafés, affective labor, and the healing boom in Japan[J]. Japanese Studies, 2014, 34(2): 115-33.
doi: 10.1080/10371397.2014.928183 |
[34] | 林润华, 迟恒昌. 台湾猫咖啡的演进与空间创造[J]. (台湾)地理学报, 2018, 91: 59-82. |
[ Lin Junhua, Chi Hengchang. Creating cat café in Taiwan[J]. Journal of Geographical Science, 2018, 91: 59-82.] | |
[35] | 丛丽, 何继红. 野生动物旅游景区游客情感特征研究: 以长隆野生动物世界为例[J]. 旅游学刊, 2020, 35(2): 53-64. |
[ Cong Li, He Jihong. An emotional analysis of tourists in wildlife tourism scenic spots: A case study in Chimelong Safari Park[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2020, 35(2): 53-64.] | |
[36] | 温士贤. 动物伦理与非遗“马戏表演”[J]. 文化遗产, 2018(5): 9-16. |
[ Wen Shixian. Animal ethics and “circus performance” as an intangible cultural heritage[J]. Cultural Heritage, 2018(5): 9-16.] | |
[37] |
Barua M. Lively commodities and encounter value[J]. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 2016, 34(4): 725-744.
doi: 10.1177/0263775815626420 |
[38] | 尹铎, 高权, 卢薇, 等. 超越人类的地理学视角下丽江古城旅游地的营建与消费[J]. 旅游学刊, 2021, 36(4): 96-105. |
[ Yin Duo, Gao Quan, Lu Wei, et al. Place construction and consumption of Lijiang ancient town from the perspective of more-than-human geographies[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2021, 36(4): 96-105.] | |
[39] |
Ballantyne R, Packer J, Hughes K, et al. Conservation learning in wildlife tourism settings: Lessons from research in zoos and aquariums[J]. Environmental Education Research, 2007, 13(3): 367-383.
doi: 10.1080/13504620701430604 |
[40] |
Jamal T, Higham J. Justice and ethics: Towards a new platform for tourism and sustainability[J]. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2021, 29(2-3): 143-157.
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2020.1835933 |
[41] | 林昆仑, 雍怡. 自然教育的起源、概念与实践[J]. 世界林业研究, 2022, 35(2): 8-14. |
[ Lin Kunlun, Yong Yi. Natural education: Origin, concept and practice[J]. World Forestry Research, 2022, 35(2): 8-14.] | |
[42] | 黄向. “双减”政策背景下面向儿童的自然教育研究[J]. 自然保护地, 2021, 1(3): 33-42. |
[ Huang Xiang. Study on nature education toward school children under the background of “Dual-Reduction-Policy”[J]. Natural Protected Areas, 2021, 1(3): 33-42.] | |
[43] |
Moss A, Esson M, Bazley S. Applied research and zoo education: The evolution and evaluation of a public talks program using unobtrusive video recording of visitor behavior[J]. Visitor Studies, 2010, 13(1): 23-40.
doi: 10.1080/10645571003618733 |
[44] |
Smith L. Visitors or visits? An examination of zoo visitor numbers using the case study of Australia[J]. Zoo Biology, 2013, 32(1):37-44.
doi: 10.1002/zoo.21013 pmid: 22674839 |
[45] |
Bitgood S, Patterson D, Benefield A. Exhibit design and visitor behavior empirical relationships[J]. Environment and Behavior, 1988, 20(4): 474-491.
doi: 10.1177/0013916588204006 |
[46] | 王晓辉. 跨文化互动视角下清末民初上海的动物保护活动[J]. 贵州社会科学, 2018(8): 71-76. |
[ Wang Xiaohui. Animal protection activities in Shanghai from the perspective of cross-cultural interaction[J]. Guizhou Social Sciences, 2018(8): 71-76.] | |
[47] | 广州市政府. 广州市政府三年来施政报告书[M]. 中山: 宏艺印务公司, 1935: 51. |
[ Guangzhou Municipal Government. Policy Address of Guangzhou Municipal Government over the Past Three Years[M]. Zhongshan: Hongyi Printing Company, 1935: 51.] | |
[48] | Lorimer J. Nonhuman charisma[J]. Environment & Planning D Society & Space, 2007, 25(5): 911-932. |
[49] | 钟剑峰. 近代广州动物公园创建之缘起、经过及意义[J]. 广东园林, 2017, 39(3): 50-53. |
[ Zhong Jianfeng. Origin, cause and meaning: Rethinking the creation of modern Canton Animal Park[J]. Guangdong Landscape Architecture, 2017, 39(3): 50-53.] | |
[50] | 广州动物园. 征途: 纪念广州动物园建园60周年[M]. 广州: 广东人民出版社, 2017: 179. |
[ Guangzhou Zoo. Journey: Commemorate the 60th Anniversary of the Establishment of Guangzhou Zoo[M]. Guangzhou: Guangdong People’s Publishing House, 2017: 179.] | |
[51] |
Hughes P. Animals, values and tourism: Structural shifts in UK dolphin tourism provision[J]. Tourism Management, 2001, 22(4): 321-329.
doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(00)00070-4 |
[52] | 段义孚. 制造宠物: 支配与感情[M]. 赵世玲, 译. 上海: 光启书局, 2022: 1. |
[ Duan Yifu. Dominance and Affection: The Making of Pets[M]. Zhao Shiling, Trans. Shanghai: Guangqi Books, 2022: 1.] | |
[53] |
Luebke J F, Watters J V, Packer J, et al. Zoo visitors’ affective responses to observing animal behaviors[J]. Visitor Studies, 2016, 19(1): 60-76.
doi: 10.1080/10645578.2016.1144028 |
[54] | 刘晓春. 当代民族景观的“视觉性”生产: 以黔东南旅游产业为例[J]. 社会学评论, 2021, 9(3): 61-82. |
[ Liu Xiaochun. Visual production of contemporary national landscape: Take the tourism industry in Qiandongnan as an example[J]. Sociological Review of China, 2021, 9(3): 61-82.] | |
[55] | 曾诗晴, 谢彦君, 史艳荣. 时光轴里的旅游体验: 历史文化街区日常生活的集体记忆表征及景观化凝视[J]. 旅游学刊, 2021, 36(2): 70-79. |
[ Zheng Shiqing, Xie Yanjun, Shi Yanrong. The space-time axis of tourist experience: The representation and landscape gaze of collective memory regarding everyday life in historical Streets[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2021, 36(2): 70-79.] | |
[56] | 谢彦君, 于佳, 王丹平, 等. 作为景观的乡愁: 旅游体验中的乡愁意象及其表征[J]. 旅游科学, 2021, 35(1): 1-22. |
[ Xie Yanjun, Yu Jia, Wang Danping, et al. Nostalgia as a landscape: The nostalgic image and its representation in tourist experiences[J]. Tourism Science, 2021, 35(1): 1-22.] | |
[57] |
陈田, 虞虎, 王甫园. 迈向可持续目标的中国生态旅游发展研究[J]. 中国生态旅游, 2021, 11(1): 78-94.
doi: 10.12342/zgstly.20210001 |
[ Chen Tian, Yu Hu, Wang Fuyuan. Research on ecotourism development in China: Moving towards the goal of sustainability[J]. Journal of Chinese Ecotourism, 2021, 11(1): 78-94.]
doi: 10.12342/zgstly.20210001 |
|
[58] | 谭良敏, 周碧蕾, 刘俊. 教育旅游中的学习: 回顾与展望[J]. 旅游科学, 2022, 36(1): 36-49. |
[ Tan Liangmin, Zhou Bilei, Liu Jun. Learning in educational tourism: Retrospect and prospect[J]. Tourism Science, 2022, 36(1): 36-49.] | |
[59] |
Therkelsen A, Lottrup M. Being together at the zoo: Zoo experiences among families with children[J]. Leisure Studies, 2015, 34(3): 354-371.
doi: 10.1080/02614367.2014.923493 |
[60] | 徐彩霞, 钟士恩, 彭红松, 等. 儿童的动物园活动行为研究: 以南京红山森林动物园为例[J]. 旅游学刊, 2022, 37(8): 105-118. |
[ Xu Caixia, Zhong Shien, Peng Hongsong, et al. Examining visiting behaviors of children: A case study of Nanjing Hongshan Forest Zoo[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2022, 37(8): 105-118.] |
[1] | 方仲楷, 罗芬. 基于学习进阶理论的自然教育进阶式课程模式构建[J]. 中国生态旅游, 2023, 13(3): 483-493. |
[2] | 武欣蕊, 戴湘毅. 旅游利用下历史街区文化景观符号意义与建构——以北京前门大街为例[J]. 中国生态旅游, 2023, 13(1): 111-127. |
[3] | 崔庆明. 旅游能缓解保护地人与野生动物冲突吗?[J]. 中国生态旅游, 2021, 11(5): 663-675. |
[4] | 诺尔·斯科特(Noel Scott), 朗达·格林(Ronda Green), 大卫·纽瑟姆(David Newsome). 亚太地区野生生物旅游的可持续发展实践与挑战[J]. 中国生态旅游, 2021, 11(5): 676-690. |
[5] | 王佳钰, 蔡静, 徐菲菲. 不同伦理取向野生动物旅游景区的游客具身性体验差异研究——基于网络文本评论与IPA模型分析[J]. 中国生态旅游, 2021, 11(5): 720-732. |