国家文化公园建设背景下的文化遗产保护体系改革研究

doi:10.12342/zgstly.20230001

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

构建高标准的文化遗产保护体系成为中国实行文化强国战略的必要选择，国家文化公园的诞生为优化遗产保护体系提供了契机。本研究以文化遗产保护体系的发展现状为背景，通过文献回顾分析其作用失调的关键成因和作用机制，并基于国内外经验探寻文化遗产保护体系的改革路径。研究发现：（1）中国文化遗产保护体系发展历程可划分为以文物本体保护为中心、多类型保护体系形成、升级改革3个阶段；（2）由于缺乏统一的顶层设计，中国文化遗产保护体系在保护观念、类型体系、管理体制和保障机制等4个方面存在一定局限性，严重影响了保护成效；（3）为提高中国文化遗产保护体系的治理效能，提出4条改革路径，以整体性保护和相容性利用为原则，重塑保护理念；以国家文化公园为统领，重构分类体系；以统一机构为前提，优化管理体制；以“人、财、法”护航，升级保障体系。本研究为完善中国文化遗产保护体系的顶层设计提供了方向与建议。

关键词: 国家文化公园, 文化遗产, 文化遗产保护体系

Abstract:

Building high standard protection system of cultural heritage is necessary to implement the Strategy of Building China into a strong Socialist Culture Country. The birth of the National Cultural Park provides an opportunity to optimize cultural heritage protection system. Based on the current development of cultural heritage protection system, this paper analyzes the key causes and mechanisms of its dysfunction role through literature review, and explores the reform path of the cultural heritage protection system based on domestic and foreign experience. The findings are as follows: (1) The development process of our cultural heritage protection system can be divided into three stages: cultural relics preservation centered stage, multi-type protection system forming stage, and upgrading and reform stage. (2) Due to the lack of unified top-level design, the cultural heritage protection system has some limitations in the protection concept, type system, management system and guarantee mechanism, which seriously affects the protection effect. (3) In order to improve the governance efficiency of the cultural heritage protection system, four reform paths are proposed: Reshape the protection concept based on the principles of integrity protection and compatibility; Reconstructing classification system with the National Cultural Park as the leader; Optimize the management system on the premise of unifying the organization; Upgrade the protection system with the support of professional talents, finance and law. This paper provides the direction and suggestions for improving the top-level design of the cultural heritage protection system.

Key words: National Cultural Park, cultural heritage, cultural heritage protection system

邹统钎, 邱子仪, 苗慧. 国家文化公园建设背景下的文化遗产保护体系改革研究[J]. 中国生态旅游, 2023, 13(3): 394-407.

Zou Tongqian, Qiu Ziyi, Miao Hui. The reform of cultural heritage protection system under the background of the National Cultural Park construction[J]. ECOTOURISM, 2023, 13(3): 394-407.

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现存问题类型	典型证据举例（问题症结）
保护观念	“区域文化遗产空间的整体认知与空间保障尚待加强。”^[22](保护意识不强) “对文化遗产的保护还多局限于单点保护之上，保护措施单一，保护方式落后。”^[23] （保护理念落后）
管理体制	“业务各有主管部门；景区内文物、宗教、旅游等又隶属不同行政部门，由此导致政出多门、管理混乱。”^[24]（多头管理） “没有专门的权威的遗产管理组织机构，导致对遗产资源保护的责任不明确，不落实。”^[25] （管理机构不健全）
类型体系	“风景名胜区与旅游度假区、自然保护区、森林公园、各类公园等其他区划重叠交叉是目前我国风景名胜区普遍存在的现象。”^[26]（一地多牌） “目前的遗产分级、分类管理体制对遗产资源保护与利用的强弱区分比较模糊，难以从管理目标、检查标准和管理方式上体现出差别化政策。”^[27]（分类模糊）
保障机制	“对于破坏非物质文化遗产的尺度范围，以及破坏非物质文化遗产应该承担的法律责任等具体事宜，目前为止还没有较完善的法律规定。”^[28]（法律法规缺位） “缺乏专业经营队伍使遗产资源不能充分利用。”^[29]（人才缺位）

类别	保护对象	管理目标
国家文化公园	具有国家代表性、突出意义、重要影响和重大主题的长城、大运河、长征、黄河、长江等线性遗产资源	实现遗产整体性保护和相容性利用，打造中华民族标识
历史文化名城名镇名村	文物特别丰富，具有重大历史文化价值和革命意义的城市、镇和村落	实现遗产完整性和真实性保护，弘扬优秀传统文化
国家文化生态保护区	非物质文化遗产代表性项目集中、特色鲜明、形式和内涵保持完整的特定区域	实现文化生态的区域性整体保护，促进遗产的活态利用
国家考古遗址公园	在考古遗址保护和展示方面具有全国性示范意义的特定公共空间	实现文化高质量发展，促进考古成果转化