基于形态学理论的乡土工艺地域位育性及其设计传承机制研究——以黄河上游水车为例

doi:10.12342/zgstly.20230022

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

乡土工艺中蕴含着人与自然和谐共生的位育特性，在当前及未来社会发展中具有多重价值。本研究从生物形态学的环境位育理论出发，以黄河上游典型传统农耕器具为例，对其形态演化做历时性和共时性分析，以探讨乡土工艺地域位育特征及其设计传承和未来转型方向。研究认为：（1）乡土工艺形态是位育的产物，黄河上游的水车形态历经西南筒车-兰州水车-黄河上游水车的演变与定型过程，水车轮辐、制作材料、外形结构等均发生较大变化；（2）黄河上游甘青宁段的黄土高原地形地貌、干旱半干旱气候等自然环境以及黄土文化、干旱半干旱农耕文化等文化环境是黄河水车形态位育性演变的主要动因，自然环境是直接因素，文化环境是间接因素；（3）乡土工艺的位育系统由人地因素共同组成，其天人合一特质不仅具有生态理论价值，也具有旅游应用价值；（4）乡土工艺位育性可通过保留符号特征、转换功能角色、提升材料及工艺等方法实现其多重价值传承。

关键词: 形态学理论, 乡土工艺, 位育性, 设计传承, 遗产旅游, 非物质文化遗产

Abstract:

Vernacular crafts contain the adaptation characteristics of harmonious coexistence between humans and nature, which have multiple values for the present and future social development. This study is based on the environmental adaptation theory of bio-morphology, analyzing the morphological evolution of typical traditional farming implements in the upper Yellow River reaches in an ephemeral and co-evolutionary fashion. From the concept of anthropology and bio-morphological adaptation to the environment, the evolutionary process of the Yellow River waterwheel has been sorted out chronologically, the regional causes have been analyzed co-temporally, and discuss the characteristics of vernacular crafts, as well as their design inheritance, evolution, and development. This study indicated that: (1) Morphology is the result of regional adaptation. The form of the waterwheel in the upper reaches of the Yellow River has passed through the southwest traditional Chinese noria, the Lanzhou Water Wheel, upper reaches of the Yellow River waterwheel, and the spokes of the waterwheel, production materials, shape structure, and other morphological characteristics have undergone significant changes; (2) The natural environment, including Loess Plateau topography and geomorphology, arid and semi-arid climate, and the cultural environment, including Loess culture and arid and semi-arid farming culture in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, Gansu, Qinghai, and Ningxia, are the main motive factors for the evolution of the adaptation of the Yellow River waterwheel morphology; the natural environment is a direct factor and the cultural environment is an indirect factor. (3) The regional adaptation system of vernacular craft consists of both human and natural factors, and its "unity of man and nature" contains both ecological theoretical and tourism implementation values. (4) By retaining their symbolic traits, transforming their functional roles, and modernizing their materials and techniques, vernacular crafts can be passed down in a variety of ways.

Key words: morphological theory, vernacular craft, regional adaptation, design heritage, heritage tourism, intangible cultural heritage

赵得成, 魏文瑾, 刘佳乐. 基于形态学理论的乡土工艺地域位育性及其设计传承机制研究——以黄河上游水车为例[J]. 中国生态旅游, 2023, 13(3): 453-465.

Zhao Decheng, Wei Wenjin, Liu Jiale. Research on the adaptation of vernacular crafts and their design inheritance mechanism based on morphological theory:A case of upper Yellow River waterwheel[J]. ECOTOURISM, 2023, 13(3): 453-465.

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形态所处的位育环境及因素	位育环境影响下的黄河水车形态特征要素		形态特征要素的可遗传性及当下价值
自然位育环境及其影响下的工艺因素（外在）	材料：	采用本地榆、槐、柳木	将现代材料工艺和本地材料相结合
	结构工艺：	不用铁钉，全部契卯套合	继承基本结构并与现代加工技术相结合，创新转化
	功用：	利用河水推动力将河水提到河岸之上	生态基因，传承和创新发展，与现代相关产业融合
文化位育环境及其影响下的文化因素（内在）	生活、生产方式：	利用本地资源，人地共生、和谐位育的生活方式	精神继承，生活方式适应时代要求，变革，文化基因与当代文化相适应
	审美与文化符号：	秩序和节奏感，形成地方文化符号元素	新的审美需求，赋予古老水车以新的时代内涵和现代表达形式
	地域精神：	天人合一，异地移植，适应本地革新发展	继承和发扬工匠精神，革新精神、不复古、不泥古