The Tourism Law of the People’s Republic of China (referred to as the Tourism Law) is a comprehensive legislation that integrates the promotion law, the supervision law, and the transaction law, which makes basic institutional arrangement to ensure and promote the standardized and efficient operation of the tourism industry. Taking the 10th anniversary of the implementation of the Tourism Law as an opportunity, this article starts from the main chapters of the Tourism Law, discusses the new situation and new business forms, the deepening of three-dimensional supervision and special projects, the promotion of planning and the standardi-zation of tourism attractions, the guarantee of tourists’ wellbeing and the way of private law reform, and then puts forward suggestions on future directions for the revision of the Tourism Law. The paper suggests that: (1) the comprehensive leveraging mechanism of tourism needs to be optimized urgently. It is required to increase the interpretation of tourism rights, promote the transformation of legislative spirit towards collaborative development, strengthen attention and guidance to new business formats, and improve relevant supporting and implementation rules. We need to adhere to the principle of inclusiveness and prudence, and closely monitor the development of new tourism formats. (2) It is necessary to strengthen and optimize the multi-dimensional supervision of tourism from the entire process, all-round, multi-body, multi-modality and multi-discipline; to deepen tourism safety supervision, and further clarify the safety supervision responsibilities of tourism administrative departments and other departments concerned, the governance system for high-risk tourism projects, and the safety responsibilities of online tourism operators; to strengthen the supervision of tourism ecological impact. (3) It is required to optimize the formulation system of special tourism planning and establish the principle of adapting tourism land to national land classification. (4) It is necessary to study and formulate the regulations on tourism attractions to solve issues such as licensing of tourism resources development, legal procedures for tourism attractions opening up, and responsibility boundaries of tourism attractions. (5) It is necessary to establish a legal guarantee to meet the needs of tourists for a better life and safeguard their sense of happiness from the perspectives of tourist destinations, tourism operators, tourism practitioners, and tourists. (6) It is urgent to explore and solve the problems of weak operability, poor development and excessive localization of tourism private law from the direction of standardization, soft law configuration and internationalization.
Rural revitalization is the inevitable requirement and path to achieving common prosperity. Rural tourism has become one of the most shining paths to promote the realization of common prosperity in rural areas. Theoretically, the institutional mission of Chinese society and people’s yearning for a better life have become the motivation for contemporary China to explore the path of promoting the common prosperity by rural tourism. The large-scale continuous tourism flow from the city to the countryside has become the driving medium, and the interaction of rural tourism has contributed to the common prosperity of urban and rural residents’ material and spirit, which is the core reaction of the promoting path. However, rural tourism is still faced with five practical challenges in promoting common prosperity: the alienation of rural landscape, the low economic benefits, the lag of spiritual development, the enlargement of the gap between the rich and the poor, and the lack of sustainability. Therefore, rural tourism research needs to switch to a systematic perspective that covers a larger geographical scale of city and township, encompasses the dual connotation of common affluence. Based on the urban-rural geographic space connected by rural tourism flow and the front stage and back stage divided by rural tourism interaction, this study tries to take circular reaction as the main axis and “input-transformation-output-feedback” as the tool to explore the research framework of rural tourism promoting common prosperity. The framework includes three modules: core research question domain, extended research question domain, and research means, to promote the theoretical and practical development of rural tourism promoting common prosperity in the future.
Rural hot spring resource development accelerates the industrial transformation and development of hot spring villages, and promotes the flow of capital, technology and talents between regions. We took 173 hot spring villages and 21 neighboring non-hot spring villages in Fujian Province as research objects, adopted the attributes of hot spring enterprises and nighttime lighting data, constructed a hot spring resource development and village economic development index, and employed spatial analysis methods to quantitatively study the spillover effects of rural hot spring resource development on village economic development, refining the model of rural hot spring resource development to promote “neighborhood common prosperity”. The results show that (1) rural hot spring resource development has a positive impact on the economic development of hot spring villages, and every 1% increase in the level of rural hot spring resource development will raise the level of that in neighboring hot spring villages by 0.437%. (2) Rural hot spring resource development has a significant spatial spillover effect on neighboring hot spring villages, which includes joint spillover and single spillover, and joint spillover effect is more likely to form in villages with higher levels of hot spring resource development. (3) The development of rural hot spring resources drives the integrated development of the three industries in the countryside through the spillover effect and symbiotic development, and improves the economic development of the surrounding hot spring villages and neighboring non-hot spring villages through the “demonstration effect” and “trickle-down effect”, thus realize the “neighborhood common prosperity”. In the future, we can promote the development of rural resources by strengthening the demonstration effect, extending the industrial chain, and promoting the flow of production factors, so as to diversify the path of “neighborhood common prosperity” in regional villages and realize rural revitalization and common prosperity.
The relationship between regional economy and tourism development is a key issue in the scientific interpretation of quality tourism economic development. Taking the Yangtze River Basin as the research object, this study constructs an allometric growth model of regional economy-tourism scale and explores the spatiotemporal correlation characteristics and allometric growth level transition process of regional economy-tourism scale from 2010 to 2019 using exploratory spatial analysis methods. The results show that: (1) The regional economy and tourism scale in the Yangtze River Basin show a trend of ‘high in the southeast and low in the northwest’, and their spatiotemporal correlation indicates a temporal stability and spatial heterogeneity. There are inter-basin differences and intra-basin differences in the upper, middle and lower reaches. (2) The longitudinal (time) scale factor of the regional economy-tourism scale in the Yangtze River Basin shows a fluctuating trend of first rising and then falling. The allometric growth relationship is dominated by the regional economy growing faster than tourism. Horizontally (space), positive allometry dominates overall. The evolution of allometric growth level has the characteristics of ‘overall stability with regional fluctuations’, with greater changes in the upper and middle reaches and more stability in the lower reaches. (3) The change in allometric growth level of regional economy-tourism scale in Yangtze River Basin is mainly characterized by upward transforming from negative to positive allometry levels. Tourism development has a significant promoting effect on regional and economy for most areas. The allometric relationship between regional economy-tourism scale reveals complex internal connections between tourism and economic development, providing theoretical support for achieving high-quality development of river basin tourism economy.
The tourism industry has been greatly impacted by the epidemic, and the resilience, rebound and innovation of the tourism industry have received wide attention from the public. Based on the resilience theory and system theory, a comprehensive evaluation index system of tourism industry resilience was constructed from four aspects: economy, society, ecology and tourism. Entropy method, Delphi method, new barrel model, kernel density estimation, spatial autocorrelation index and other methods were used in this research to evaluate the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of tourism industry resilience in the Chang-Zhu-Tan-Rim city clusters from 2011 to 2020. The results show that: (1) In the period of the research, the resilience level of the tourism industry in the study area is generally low and shows a trend of fluctuating upward. Resilience differs greatly between the subsystems, among which the tourism and economic subsystems have higher resilience and the ecological subsystem has the lowest resilience. (2) In terms of spatial pattern, the toughness of the tourism industry in the city clusters shows a steady pattern of "high in the east and low in the west", with a trend of club convergence. (3) Within the city clusters, there is a significant difference in the resilience of the tourism industry in the eight cities, and the spatial negative correlation is significant. The siphon effect of Changsha on the development of the tourism industry in the city clusters is weakened, while the radiation effect on the neighboring cities is enhanced. It is suggested to enhance the diversity and richness of tourism resources and the quality of tourism elements, develop new forms of tourism business and strengthen regional coordination and development cooperation mechanism, so as to promote the high-quality development of regional tourism.
As a tourism form relying on the material and cultural heritages of regional industrial activities, industrial heritage tourism is deeply affected by the spatial layout, production and organization pattern of industrial activities. Industrial geography has also become an important discipline basis for the practices and researches of industrial heritage tourism on the resources distribution, development mode, and spatial organization. Based on the study of spatial layout features of state industrial heritage projects in China, this paper demonstrates the main factors influencing the distribution of industrial heritage. This paper argues that the industrial location theory studies the spatial layout and scientific mechanism of industrial activities from the perspective of theory and practice, which can provide theoretical support for understanding and analyzing the spatial layout of industrial heritage. Industrial sector geography focuses on the study of the production and spatial distribution characteristics, production organization mode and location characteristics of different industrial sectors, which can provide a theoretical basis for understanding the resource form and development mode of industrial heritage. Regional industrial geography, which focuses on the close relationship between industrial development and regional socio-economic elements and spatial organization, will provide an important theoretical basis for the research on the value mining, development and protection mode of industrial heritage, as well as the interactive relationship between industrial heritage development and urban and regional development. Finally, from the perspective of industrial geography theory and method innovation, this paper put forward four scientific questions to be concerned of industrial heritage tourism research as follows: focusing on the research on the spatial distribution of industrial heritage tourism resources and its influencing factors, studying the tourism developing mode of industrial heritage resources based on the characteristics of regional industrial development, paying attention to the interaction between industrial form of industrial heritage tourism and regional economic development; and researching integrated development mechanism of industrial heritage tourism resources and regional tourism industry.
Industrial heritage, known as “nostalgic landscape”, is the core resource and important foundation for the development of industrial tourism. How to choose a suitable sustainable development model for industrial heritage tourism and make industrial heritage “live” through tourism has become an urgent issue in the sustainable development of industrial heritage. This paper takes five batches of industrial heritage released by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology as the research objects, and studies the spatial distribution of industrial heritage in China, the influencing factors of industrial heritage tourism development and the sustainable development model of industrial heritage tourism. The study found that: (1) The industrial heritage exhibits a significant agglomeration in space, and the agglomeration centers mainly evolve between the urban agglomerations of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta and Chengdu-Chongqing, agglomerating southwest towards northeast. The spatial distribution of cold and hot spots of the industrial heritage displays a clear core-edge structure centered on Jiangsu, Henan, and Shaanxi. The cold spots are mainly distributed in Tibet and Xinjiang in the west, and Guangdong and Hainan in the east. (2) The results of geographic detectors show that the main influencing factors of industrial heritage tourism development are tourism resource endowment, tourism development level, cultural industry development level and online attention of industrial tourism. The ranking of the explanatory power of the four main influencing factors is: cultural industry development level>tourism resource endowment>tourism development level>industrial tourism network attention. (3) Based on the detection results of the influencing factors of industrial heritage tourism development, we refined four sustainable development models: ecologicalization, urbanization, industrialization and networking.
Industrial heritage has become an increasingly attractive new tourism resource with its unique tourism value, and it is an important basis for scientific guidance of industrial heritage inheritance and utilization to build an index system for industrial heritage tourism value assessment. Based on the literature analysis, we propose a framework of components and index system for industrial heritage tourism value assessment, and we use 22 national industrial heritages in Northeast China as an example for measurement and verification. The results show that: (1) Industrial heritage tourism value assessment components include inherent value, market value, and environmental factors; inherent value is the intrinsic value of industrial heritage, market value is the external tourism development value, environmental factors are the constraints of tourism development, and the components interact with each other. (2) Industrial heritage tourism value assessment index system includes 3 criterion layers of inherent value, market value, and environmental factors and 14 specific indicators such as recreation value, location degree, and pollution degree. The industrial heritage tourism value is obtained through the expert evaluation method, entropy method, and comprehensive index method. (3) The 22 national industrial heritage tourism values in Northeast China are relatively consistent with the current situation and actual situation of the industrial heritage development. The index system follows the concept and connotation of industrial heritage as a tourism resource, and highlights its tourism value. It is significant to provide theoretical support for the formulation of national industrial heritage tourism value assessment standards and provide decision-making reference for the timing and grade arrangement of industrial heritage tourism development and utilization.
Place meaning reflects “the value and significance of the environment to the individual”. The transformation of industrial heritage sites into tourist destination brings about the change of the original place meaning. This paper takes the Beamish Museum as the research object and uses tourists’ comments from Tripadvisor as the research text. Informed by the constructive grounded theory, the research adopts the coding technique to identify the dimensions of the place meaning of the industrial heritage site, and to construct the dimension model of the place meaning. The study found that the place meaning of industrial heritage sites is formed from three interactive levels of “self”, “society” and “environment”, and the place meaning is composed of inherent material meaning, instrumental significance, social and cultural meaning and identity expressive meaning from the outside to the inside. This paper constructs the model of place meaning of industrial heritage sites and provides support for the theoretical research and managerial practices of industrial heritage sites in the future.
In the current industrial heritage movement, heritages have gradually become a new type of consumer enclave or monumental industrial holy site that is dis-embedded from the development of heritage communities. The community is the primary environment of a heritage, and the emotional relationship between the community and a heritage's history, memory, knowledge and identity constitutes an important challenge to the conservation, utilization and sustainable development of a heritage. From the theoretical perspective of traumatic memory, based on a comprehensive analysis of factory records of state-owned large-scale industrial enterprises, network texts, and interview texts of workers, this paper aims to reveal the mechanism of traumatic memory affecting community identity and heritage conservation in Tiexi District of Shenyang. It is found that the lack of understanding of the heritage’s emotional value in the process of industrial heritage conservation and the lack of interaction with the community are reasons for the community to treat the industrial heritage as a foreign culture. Influenced by the environment, body and cultural trauma, the community forms the traumatic memory of the heritage, which makes the meaning of the heritage site reconstructed and become a “love-hate” painful place. As an important factor affecting community industrial cultural identity, traumatic memory will limit community participation and action in heritage conservation. This paper argues that the contradictory and detrimental features of industrial heritage should be recognized, and envisaged, presented and responded to; We should value the identity of community as the primary environment of heritage and rebuild the relationship between community and heritage; Through oral history, witness literature, collective narration, tourism exhibition and other ways, trauma can be declared and fully explained, so as to establish the connection between the past and the present, thus the “victims” can depart from the memory dilemma and form a heritage identity. This will help the industrial heritage grow into the common heritage of the society, and achieve the sustainable development of heritage conservation and utilization through the collaboration of community and power, capital, and professional knowledge.
Women workers are important participants in industrial production and have a significant impact on industrial production and society life. The value of women workers is the integral element for meaning reconstruction and value expression of industrial heritage usage in tourism development. In this research, data of media information and visitors’ comments of four representative textile museums were collected, then they were used to explore the display features of female workers’ value in the industrial heritage tourism by comparing the information presented at the input and output ends of display and interpretation system. The research found that information transmission of female workers in the textile museum is very limited, indicating the lack of female role, the shortage of content, the simplicity of display forms with the major impacting factors from the static narrative system, the lack of personal awareness and gender perspective, and the limitation of technologies. The significance of heritage lies in value expression and transmission. In this process of constructing the presentation and interpretation of industrial heritages, a tempo dimension should be considered; in respect of content, special value regarding female workers should be further minded; meanwhile, the life scenarios of female workers should be restored, and effects of interaction and participation should be strengthened, with the purpose of showing the contribution of women to the core value of industrial heritage in a general yet authentic manner. As an explorative study on the presentation and interpretation of industrial heritage, this paper advocates scholars and practitioners to value the industrial heritage’s presentation and interpretation and to concern the female group in the development of tourism products.
Hollowing-out phenomena such as population loss and space idleness in traditional industrial cities are a worldwide issue. Based on literature analysis and field investigation, this paper summarizes the practical experience of Japan’s largest industrial zone-Hokkaido Sorachi Industrial Area, which uses industrial heritage tourism to combat with the challenge of hollowing out: applying the theory of “attraction-feedback” to guide the development of heritage tourism and overall revitalization plan of the hollowed-out industrial zone; creating industrial heritage tourist attractions to enhance the attractiveness of hollowed industrial areas and promote economic recovery; organizing industrial heritage-themed art activities and various resettlement projects to slow down the trend of population hollowing in shrinking industrial areas; excavating and shaping industrial cultural characteristics to promote community and tourists’ cultural identity to the hollowed industrial zone; inviting tourists to participate in the environmental transformation to promote the urban renewal of the hollowed industrial zone. This paper argued that, with the improvement of industrialization and the transformation of industrial technology, the number of hollow-out areas such as China’s old industrial bases and resource-exhausted cities continues to increase. In this regard, it is necessary to gather multiple forces to speed up the identification of industrial heritage and the construction of the system, and scientifically formulate the renewal planning of hollowed industrial areas; determine the theme and development mode of industrial heritage tourism development according to local conditions, enhance the attractiveness of the holloweded industrial zone to promote economic recovery; pay attention to the excavation of local cultural characteristics, innovate industrial heritage tourism projects, and continuously strengthen the cultural identity and cohesion of the hollowed industrial zone, to promote the protection, renewal and utilization of the heritage in hollow-out industrial areas.
