In an era marked by accelerated globalization, informatization, and digital economy development, digital nomads as a group that practices a new mode of production and lifestyle characterized by remote work and high mobility, have rapidly emerged, profoundly impacting global labor market, tourism industry, and policy systems. Drawing on literature from the database of Web of Science, this study systematically reviews the trajectory of international research on digital nomads from 2003 to 2024. It identifies three major developmental stages: the “Technological foundation period” (2003-2013), the “Lifestyle and identity formation period” (2014-2019), and the “Institutional response and critical deepening period” (2020-2024). Current scholarship has expanded beyond remote work to encompass community formation, spatial practices, and institutional adaptation, reflecting growing interdisciplinary complexity. The study highlights key implications for contextualization within China: (1) from the conceptualization aspect, a tripartite typology of high-mobility, regional-mobility, and long-term-residence digital nomads was constructed to better capture the low mobility and deep local embeddedness observed in China. (2) From the community research aspect, revealing the “rurality turn” in Chinese digital-nomad clusters and highlighting the emerging pathway of “digital nomads + rural revitalization,” with particular attention to how online-offline coordination and local social networks shape settlement stability and community governance. (3) From the policy-making aspect, a national-level, integrated institutional design was advocated that aligns identity recognition, social-security portability, and tax coordination to address systemic barriers faced by digital nomads. Thus, this study constructs an integrated conceptual framework for digital-nomad research and helps to fill key gaps in theoretical paradigms, comparative evidence, and policy tools within the Chinese scholarly landscape.

Tourist satisfaction is a crucial prerequisite for the sustainable development of tourism destinations. Exploring the relationship between cultural distance and tourist satisfaction at over-tourism destinations can provide valuable insights for sustainable management. Drawing on cultural distance theory and place attachment theory, this study takes Dunhuang as a case and collected 287 valid tourist questionnaires. Using structural equation modeling and hierarchical regression analysis, the study examines the mechanisms linking tourists’ perceived cultural distance, place attachment, travel expectations, and satisfaction at over-tourism destinations. The findings indicate that: (1) tourists’ perceived cultural distance positively influences both place attachment and satisfaction significantly. (2) Place attachment mediates the relationship between perceived cultural distance and tourist satisfaction. (3) Travel expectations positively moderate the relationship between perceived cultural distance and place attachment. The study contributes theoretically by clarifying the pathways through which cultural distance affects satisfaction at over-tourism destinations and offers practical recommendations for enhancing place attachment, meeting tourist expectations, and managing visitor flows, thereby offering policy recommendations for sustainable tourism development in China’s over-tourism destinations.

The spiritual and emotional experiences in tourism activities are becoming increasingly important. These two aspects are not mutually exclusive but rather interactively connected and dynamically coupled. By exploring concepts of spirits, spirituality, spiritual experiences, emotions, emotional experiences, and tourist emotions, this study constructs a relational approach to the connection between spiritual experiences and emotional experiences. Research findings include: (1) the relationship between spiritual and emotional experiences progresses in depth, i.e. from “sensory perception” to “emotional comprehension” and then to “spiritual insight” and finally culminating in “life transformation”. (2) Spiritual and emotional experiences are interconnected, sharing commonalities while exhibiting distinct characteristics. Emotional fulfillment caters to tourists’ preferences, whereas spiritual guidance embodies values, representing the sublimation of emotional experiences. Both emotional fulfillment and spiritual guidance converge toward the core objective of life enrichment. (3) The interactive mechanism between spiritual and emotional experiences is a dynamic process of “environmental perception—emotional resonance—spiritual elevation”. Tourists gain a sense of life's meaning through tourism experiences. (4) Future research should focus more on the interactive connections, influencing mechanisms, and theoretical frameworks between spirituality and emotions of tourism experiences, and new pathways for tourism development should be innovated and applied to the development of cultural tourism resources. By constructing a relational approach to spirituality and emotions, this study addresses existing theoretical gaps in understanding interactive mechanisms between spirituality and emotions. It provides theoretical foundations and practical guidance for deepening the essence of tourism experiences and developing products that meet tourists' profound needs.

Social media, through its communication effect, contributes to overtourism in cultural heritage sites. Using Xiaoxitian Scenic Area, also known as Little Western Paradise, as a case study, and by doing coding analysis of online texts on the basis of grounded theory and by constructing a three-dimensional analysis framework of media-tourists-cultural heritage sites, this study explores the characteristics and formation mechanism of overtourism in cultural heritage sites driven by social media. Key findings include: (1) social media constitutes a key driving factor for overtourism by transforming the symbolic production and marketing paths of cultural heritage sites through algorithm-based recommendation mechanism and user-generated contents (UGCs) and by spurring the emergence of media pilgrimage through its fission style dissemination. (2) Overtourism in cultural heritage sites is characterized by four distinctive traits: sharp seasonal fluctuations, significant spatial clustering, excessive symbolic consumption, and pronounced contradictions between conservation and utilization. (3) The phenomenon of overtourism in cultural heritage sites emerges from the complex interplay of four key factors under mediatized context: media dissemination, tourist behaviors, resource endowments, and site management. Based on the findings, the study proposed measures and suggestions for addressing overtourism in cultural heritage sites from the perspectives of governments, scenic areas, tourists and local communities. The results of the study can provide theoretical and practical references for promoting sustainable development of tourism in cultural heritage sites.

Overtourism has emerged as a critical challenge constraining the sustainable transformation of destinations as China’s tourism industry moves towards a stage of high-quality development. Situated in the real-world context of consumption transformation and the digital wave, this paper systematically analyzes the localized characteristics of Chinese-style overtourism and its coping strategies from the dimensions of generative mechanism, spatial alienation, and governance transformation. The research indicates: (1) the alienation of consumption patterns from “demand-driven” to “symbol-driven” amplified by capital and media, has intensified the effect of spatial homogenization. There is an urgent need to guide the return of value rationality and implement multi-stakeholder co-governance. (2) New media algorithms have reshaped tourist destinations into rapidly communicable digital landscapes, triggering pulse-type visitor-flow aggregation and social spatial alienation. The focus of governance must shift from static capacity control to resilient governance oriented towards flow management and platform collaboration. (3) Overtourism in natural protected areas manifests as the breach of the ecological fragility threshold. Capacity limit must serve as hard constraints and with smart monitoring and ecological education safeguarding natural environments. (4) Ancient towns and villages face an authenticity crisis as they transform from a living space to a symbolic stage. It is essential to rebuild the cultural tourism model based on the community and preserve the authenticity through shared daily experiences between locals and visitors. (5) Urban overtourism is essentially a social-ecological system imbalance embedded in policy, technology, and consumption. To achieve high-quality development, a localized explanatory framework should be constructed, promoting a dynamic shift in the governance paradigm from “capacity calculation” to “flow management”, establishing a differentiated comprehensive governance system that is predictable and controllable.

With their visual immediacy and efficiency, short videos have increasingly become an important channel for the public to access information. This study selects twenty highly popular travel short videos on the Douyin platform and collects 4 540 viewer comments as its data. Drawing on emotional contagion theory and employing text analysis methods, together with tools such as the PyLDAvis model, ROST CM6 software, and the SnowNLP model, the study investigates the pathways of positive emotional contagion among viewers and the mechanisms through which positive emotions influence viewers’ travel intentions and travel decision-making. The results indicate that: (1) positive emotional contagion follows two pathways: primary emotional contagion arising from interactions with short videos, and secondary emotional contagion driven by social sharing. (2) based on positive emotional contagion, viewers initiate a five-stage travel decision-making process comprising “cognitive interpretation-itinerary planning-travel expectation-emotional resonance-social dissemination”. (3) positive emotional contagion influences travel decision-making through four mechanisms: positive emotions emerging from mirroring experiences that deepen destination image and viewers’ sense of psychological belonging; positive emotions enhancing immersion and dependence, prompting viewers to seek solace in digital spaces; positive emotions triggering self-projection and collective referencing, thereby facilitating the co-construction of symbolic meanings; and positive emotions driving short-video consumption, enabling broad dissemination of destination images. (4) positive emotional contagion further motivates viewers to participate in the production of travel-related short videos through their travel behaviors, thus forming a closed loop with short-video consumption. The study expands the theoretical applicability of emotional contagion theory, destination image theory, and the “encoding-decoding” framework within the context of digital-media tourism study. In practice, it proposes three strategies for optimizing the development of the tourism market in the new era: improving short-video operation strategies, addressing and transforming non-positive emotions, and leveraging emotion-driven marketing.

In the digital era, the co-evolution of multiple systems has become critical for regional. Based on the complex system theory and synergy theory this paper takes 14 cities in Guangxi as a case study, and comprehensively applies kernel density estimation, the improved coupling coordination degree model, and the Panel vector autoregression (PVAR) model to depict the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of the digital economy, the cultural and tourism industry, and ecological civilization, as well as to reveal the coupling coordination and dynamic interaction mechanism among them. The results show that: (1) the three systems exhibit an overall upward development trend, yet with significant internal disparities, presenting a spatial pattern of “higher development level in the north and south regions and lower level in the east and west regions”. (2) The coupling coordination level has transitioned from severe imbalance towards weak coordination, but remains at a low level overall. Most cities are still in a state of imbalance, revealing disequilibrium in regional synergy. This characteristic is primarily influenced by the interplay of multiple factors, including population quality and economic development. (3) The system interaction demonstrates a complex mechanism coexisting with both synergy and trade-offs. A virtuous cycle of continuous mutual benefit has been formed between the cultural and tourism industry and ecological civilization. While driving the development of cultural and tourism sector, the digital economy shows a certain inhibitory effect on the ecological conservation in the short term. This reflects current structural challenges in the digital transformation process, such as insufficient internalization of ecological costs and the absence of well-established long-term synergy mechanisms. Following the analytical logic of “characteristics - causes - mechanisms”, this study uncovers the structural and institutional causes underlying the synergistic evolution of multiple systems, which provides a theoretical reference for understanding the coordinated evolution of diverse complex systems and offers empirical evidence for regional sustainable development and policy collaborative governance.

The differentiation of technical rules on social media platforms has reconstructed the narrative power structure of tourist destinations, undermined the authoritative status of traditional official narratives, and formed a pattern of coexistence, interaction, and dynamic interplay between official narratives and diverse user-generated narratives on the platforms, thus giving rise to a new phenomenon of destination image conflict. Taking Hongyadong in Chongqing as a case study and employing grounded theory methodology, this study examines platform-native content data from three major platforms: WeChat, Douyin, and Xiaohongshu, aiming to explore the evolutionary mechanism of tourist destination image conflict across differentiated social media platforms. The findings reveal that: (1) the differentiation of platforms’ technical rules reconstructs the narrative power structure, triggering significant conflicts between the official narratives of destinations and user-generated narratives on the platforms in terms of narrative objectives, forms, and functions. (2) Driven by the traffic logic, a disjuncture emerges between the external forms and internal meanings of destination cultural symbols, leading to the “symbol dilution” that gradually strips away of their deep cultural connotations. (3) Amplified by algorithmic recommendations, the disordered symbolic system ultimately results in “cognitive fragmentation” among tourists. This study innovatively constructs the “Platform-driven image conflict evolution model” (P-S-C Model), which systematically unveils the generative mechanism and evolutionary path of the vulnerability of tourist destination images in the digital context. It provides a novel analytical framework for understanding cross-platform image conflicts and advances destination image governance from unilateral control to adaptive collaboration.

Tourist green consumption behavior is a critical pathway for achieving sustainable tourism development. This study systematically reviews relevant literature in both Chinese and English and, from the theoretical perspective of a “dynamic process and closed-loop system”, proposes a three-stage conceptual core for tourist green consumption behavior. It clarifies the influencing factors at each stage to explain the transition mechanisms between them, thereby constructing an integrated research framework. The main findings are as follows: (1) tourist green consumption behavior is a dynamic concept characterized by feedback cycles, which can be divided into three stages: “Intention → Behavior → Aftereffect.” (2) The development of this behavior is influenced by multiple internal and external factors, and its evolution materializes as a three-stage transformation mechanism: “Attitude-Behavior Translation → Behavior Maintenance → Intention Regeneration.” (3) The integrated research framework of “theoretical perspective, conceptual definition, influencing factors, and outcomes” for tourist green consumption behavior takes the “three-stage, three-transformation” process-mechanism as its logical thread. It incorporates multiple behavioral theories, such as the theory of planned behavior and social cognitive theory, to explain its transformation processes, and employs a mixed-methods approach for validation. Consequently, this study provides a systematic approach to overcome the fragmented perspectives prevalent in existing research, offering significant insights for deepening the theoretical understanding of tourist green consumption behavior and guiding managerial practices.

With the development of the economy and society and the improvement of people's living standards, the health awareness of the country and its people has kept increasing. Health and wellness tourism, as a form of travel activity that can effectively improve physical and mental health, has now gained popularity among many tourists. To further explore the intrinsic driving factors of the travel intentions of health and wellness tourists, this study introduces the Health Belief Model (HBM) to construct a health and wellness tourism travel intention model that includes action cues, health beliefs, self-efficacy, and travel intentions. The model is empirically tested by combining the structural equation model with the qualitative comparison of fuzzy sets. The research finds that: (1) action cues, perceived benefits, and self-efficacy are the core variables driving the willingness to travel for health and wellness tourism. (2) Both internal and external action cues have a significant positive impact on health beliefs, and health beliefs play a mediating role between action cues and travel intentions; however, among health beliefs, only perceived benefits show a significant positive effect on travel intentions, while the rest are not significant. (3) Self-efficacy not only has a direct impact on the willingness to travel, but also serves as an important moderating variable between health beliefs and the willingness to travel. (4) Three paths driving the willingness to travel for health and wellness tourism were identified though configuration analysis, namely, external cue dominant type, external cue collaborative type, and internal cue avoidance type. The research has refined and extended the applicability of the health belief model in the field of health and wellness tourism, confirming that health and wellness tourism decisions rely more on “external information”, “benefit expectations” and “execution confidence” rather than merely “risk avoidance”, providing an important reference for the marketing practice of health and wellness tourism.

Crowding is a perennial topic in tourism research, particularly salient in highly frequented tourist attractions such as theme parks. Visitor volume serves as a double-edged sword, acting both as a key indicator of a destination's appeal and a core component of its recreational atmosphere. Based on big data of online texts and small data of on-site questionnaires, this study explores whether and in what ways the perceived crowding and its effects (i.e. emotional and behavioral responses) may differ for tourists having varied experiences. The findings are as follows: (1) sentiment analyses of online reviews of Chimelong Ocean Kingdom and Shanghai Disney Resort reveal potential correlations between tourist sentiments and seasonal fluctuations in tourist volume. (2) T-tests, multiple regression analyses, and mediation effect tests of the questionnaire data indicate that while no significant difference in perceived crowding was found between new and returning tourists, its effects on emotions, satisfaction, and behavioral intentions differed markedly. (3) To be specific, for new tourists, the effects of perceived crowding on emotions, degrees of satisfaction, and behavioral intentions are dual-sided while for returning ones, perceived crowding leads directly to negative emotions and indirectly influences degrees of satisfaction and behavioral intentions. The findings of the study offer important theoretical implications for the study of tourism crowding and of the expectation theory and provide practical insights for crowd management in theme parks.

Value co-creation behaviors serve as an important way to enhance tourist experience quality. Using Xi’an city as a case study, based on the embodied cognition theory and the cognition-affect-behavior theory, and by deepening the connotation of the concept of tourist experience quality and developing scales, this study analyzes the interactive mechanism between tourists’ value co-creation behaviors and tourist experience quality. Key findings include: (1) tourist experience quality is tourists’ retrospective evaluation of the embodied experience in three dimensions, including technical experience quality, environmental experience quality, and functional experience quality. (2) Tourists’ pre-trip and mid-trip value co-creation behaviors significantly exert positive effect on tourist experience quality, which in turn significantly exerts positive effect on post-trip value co-creation behaviors; furthermore, tourists’ pre-trip and mid-trip value co-creation behaviors exert positive effects on post-trip value co-creation behaviors through technical and environmental dimensions. (3) The cyclical embodied experience system formed through the interaction between tourists’ value co-creation behaviors and tourist experiences is the root cause for tourists’ value co-creation behaviors to improve the overall tourist experience quality of the destination.

Scientifically assess the perception of cultural ecosystem services (CES) value is crucial to the sustainable development of national parks. Taking Wuyi Mountain National Park as a case study, this research employs the “subject(human)-landscape(national park)-perception(CES)” theoretical framework of landscape perception ecology. Integrating Public Participation Geographic Information Systems (PPGIS) with geospatial data, questionnaire survey, and online User-Generated Content (UGC), it systematically identifies the spatial characteristics and multidimensional driving mechanisms of tourists’ perceptions of 6 CES value types through GIS spatiotemporal analysis, semantic segmentation, and sentiment analysis. The findings reveal: (1) CES perceptions in Wuyishan national park exhibit a “dual-core radiation and gradient decay” spatial pattern, with Jiuqu Stream’s natural landscape as the primary hot spot and the Dahongpao Tea Garden-Tianxin Yongle Temple cultural landscape as the secondary hot spot. (2) Overall, tourists prioritize recreational and aesthetic values over spiritual and religious values, with young-middle-aged adults and females demonstrating more sensitive to the latter two. (3) Combinations of natural elements drive aesthetic perception, combinations of cultural elements shape spiritual perception, and the “cultural elements + natural substrate” model exhibits stronger driving effects. (4) Positive emotions reinforce value recognition in primary areas, while negative emotions overlap with management-deficient regions, indicating the regulatory role of emotional feedback on spatial patterns. From a process-based perspective, we propose a transmission chain of “landscape combination - subject difference - emotional feedback - spatial pattern”, clarifying the spatial differentiation and formation mechanism of CES perception, enriching the theoretical perspective on national park CES spatial research, and providing scientific support for ecological protection and refined management.

Necessity and sufficiency analysis aids in deciphering complex tourism management phenomena. However, its theoretical application and technical implementation in empirical research remain significantly inadequate, often leading to misuse. This paper systematically reviewed and critically evaluated the literature on necessity and sufficiency within tourism research. The study reveals that: (1) existing research heavily concentrates on tourist behavior, extending to resident behavior, employee behavior, and economic management; however, analyses of necessity and sufficiency for key entities such as tourism destination systems and macroeconomic levels remain markedly insufficient. (2) Methodologically, while fsQCA is widely adopted alongside NCA to assess necessity, confusion in method integration and operational irregularities persist in their combined application. (3) Variable selection predominantly relies on behavioral theories, while explanations for nonlinear combinations of multiple antecedents and complex causal relationships primarily draw upon complexity and chaos theory. However, research has insufficiently analyzed the interactive mechanisms among antecedent variables. Future studies should not only deepen the focus on necessity analysis but also extend necessity and sufficiency analyses to broader topics. Additionally, efforts should be made to refine analytical frameworks and strengthen theoretical foundations.The integrated theoretical framework constructed in this paper provides an operational methodological guide and a deepened theoretical perspective for future exploration of the relationship between necessity and sufficiency in the tourism field.

The improvement of transportation infrastructure and the popularization of private cars have profoundly influenced the spatial distribution of tourists generating markets to destinations. From the perspective of destination reception, this study collects data related to different transportation modes in Fenghuang ancient town. Using geospatial analysis methods, it compares and analyzes the spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of tourists generating markets arriving via self-driving and public transportation. The findings reveal that: (1) there are significant differences in the spatial distribution of primary and secondary markets between self-driving and public transportation tourists. (2) The spatial distribution of self-driving tourists is relatively broader, showing a “core-periphery” pattern of areal expansion southeast of the Huhuanyong Line, whereas public transportation tourists exhibit a scattered patchy distribution. (3) As the spatial distance from the ancient town increases, the share of self-driving tourists gradually declines, while that of public transportation tourists follows an inverted “V” shape, first increasing and then decreasing.The attraction radius of self-driving tourists (480 km) is significantly smaller than that of public transportation tourists (1 200 km). The geographical concentration of both tourist types is relatively low, and both follow a rank-size distribution. (4) Both tourist types are most strongly influenced by information flow intensity. Furthermore, self-driving tourists are more significantly affected by geographical distance, whereas public transportation tourists are more sensitive to the resident population size and income level of the tourists generating regions. The findings contribute to deepening the theoretical understanding of the relationship between transportation modes and tourist spatial distribution and provide a reference for tourism destinations to formulate targeted marketing strategies.

With the deep integration of digital technology and ancient town tourism, tourist experience has taken on a new form blending the “virtual” and the “real”. This study integrates embodied cognition theory, social identity theory, and the theory of planned behaviour. Employing a mixed-methods approach combining questionnaire surveys with fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA), it investigates how the prosocial behaviour of ancient town visitors is influenced by digital tourism experiences, authenticity experiences, and their interaction. It further reveals the chained mediation and configurational pathway mechanisms. Findings indicate: (1) both digital tourism experiences and authenticity experiences positively influence prosocial behaviour among ancient town visitors, with authenticity exerting a greater impact than digital experiences. (2) Digital tourism experiences and authenticity experiences generate a mutually reinforcing positive interaction, collectively enhancing visitors' prosocial behaviour. (3) The aforementioned interactions influence visitors’ prosocial behaviour through chained mediating pathways involving place identity and self-efficacy. (4) The driving mechanisms of visitors’ prosocial behaviour comprise three configurational pathways: “dual experience-place identity”, “digital tourism experience-place identity-self-efficacy synergy”, and “authenticity experience-place identity-self-efficacy synergy”. This study transcends singular experiential perspectives to reveal the interactive effects of dual virtual-real experiences on tourists’ emotions, cognition, and behaviour, alongside their mediating mechanisms. Employing mixed-methods research to identify multi-configurational driving pathways, it provides theoretical underpinnings and practical insights for the digital development of ancient towns, authenticity preservation, and the guidance of tourist prosocial behaviour.

Government tourism policies, a crucial instrument for promoting regional economic growth and driving sustainable resource utilization, have long been faced with a persistent gap between technical rationality and target audience acceptance regarding their effectiveness. Taking the implementation of Yunnan provincial government’s tourism policies in Shangri-La City as a case study, this study draws on social cognitive theory and employs the PMC index model together with the entropy-weighted TOPSIS method. By integrating dual perspectives of both policymakers and target audience, i.e. community residents, the study investigates how local government tourism policies can balance instrumental rationality with local social demands through institutional design. Findings reveal: (1) local governments exhibit several shortcomings in policy formulation, including time lag, over-emphasis on results among goals, imbalanced resource allocation, and limited policy instruments. (2) Residents’ policy acceptance levels vary significantly across different demographics, with the influencing factor of educational level showing the highest degree of group differentiation in acceptance levels, presenting an overall trend of higher acceptance degrees for residents with higher education. The influencing factors of age and occupation also demonstrate certain group differentiation, but the influencing factor of the length of residence shows relatively limited differentiation. (3) The youth group (17~28 years old) and middle-aged group (29~50 years old) demonstrate significantly higher policy acceptance levels than other age groups, and individuals with higher educational attainments and government employees similarly exhibit relatively high acceptance levels. (4) Barriers to policy acceptance across different educational groups show heterogeneous characteristics: for highly educated groups, obstacles are primarily concentrated at the personal cognitive levels, whereas for less-educated groups, barriers are widely distributed across personal, behavioral, and environmental dimensions, with the environmental dimension being particularly prominent. This study provides empirical evidence and theoretical insights for precise formulation of tourism industry policies, multi-level governance of tourist destinations, and effective implementation of local government initiatives.

Short videos have blossomed into a powerful tool for marketing tourism destination as their content quality plays a critical role in laying the groundwork for tourists’ subsequent actions. Based on the Stimulus-Organism-Response Theory (SOR for short), this study classifies short video marketing content into three types: narrative, scene based, and emotional. By taking the sense of presence and video-induced sympathy as mediator variables, and key opinion leaders and individual escape motivation as moderator variables, this study develops a chain model of “marketing content, sense of presence/video-induced empathy, and behavioral intention”. By analyzing 545 valid questionnaires with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM for short) and fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA for short), this study finds the following: (1) all three content types have significant positive effects on behavioral intention, with emotional content exerting the strongest effect and the mediating effect of video-induced empathy stronger than that of the sense of presence, indicating emotional content and video-induced empathy are the core elements in short video marketing for tourism destinations. (2) Key opinion leader marketing demonstrates a double-edged sword effect, as it can enhance scene experience but may also weaken the effectiveness of emotional content, reflecting the risk that commercialization erodes emotional authenticity, and users with high escape motivation are more likely to become emotionally involved in scene based content. (3) Configurational analysis identifies three types of high intention pathways, namely the emotional connection oriented type, the visual communication oriented type, and the experiential perception oriented type, indicating that the formation of high intention depends on the synergistic interaction of multiple factors. Overall, this study develops an integrated framework explaining how short video marketing content shapes tourists’ behavioral intentions, extends theoretical perspectives on tourism behaviors in new media contexts, and provides empirical evidence and managerial implications for tourism destinations to implement more targeted short video marketing strategies.

Tourist loyalty is of vital importance for the sustainable development of industrial tourism, which is now an important path for urban renewal and culture-tourism integration. Using the typical industrial tourist attraction Hechai 1972 Culture and Creativity Industry Park as a case study, based on improved Chinese Customer Satisfaction Index (CCSI) theory, and by employing the structural equation model, this paper analyzes the tourist loyalty driving mechanism. The results show that: (1) tourist expectations, a key factor affecting industrial tourists’ experiences before visit, not only indirectly affect perceived value and satisfaction through improving perceived quality, but also have a direct effect on both perceived value and satisfaction. Among the components of tourist expectations, consumption expectations and industrial cultural experience expectations have a higher influence intensity than landscape expectations. (2) Perceived quality is key to driving perceived value, among the two pathways through which visitor expectations influence satisfaction, the pathway mediated by perceived quality exhibits more pronounced effects, forming the core mechanism by which expectations translate into satisfaction. Within visitor perceived quality, scene service perception lags behind industrial heritage perception and industrial landscape perception in actual experiences, making it the primary target for improvement in tourist attractions. (3) Perceived quality and perceived value jointly influence tourist satisfaction that exerts the strongest and direct driving effect on loyalty. This paper reveals the formation mechanism of tourist loyalty in the context of industrial tourism, enriches the applicability of the CCSI model in the field of industrial tourism, and provides insight for industrial tourist attractions to optimize experience design and strengthen visitor recognition, and thus is of great significance for boosting the protection of industrial heritage and high-quality integration of culture and tourism.

Nature education, as an essential social function of protected areas, plays a critical role in promoting the coordinated development of ecological conservation and public engagement. Based on 726 relevant articles indexed in Web of Science and CNKI from 2000 to 2024, this study employs CiteSpace visualization and content analysis to systematically review the research progress and evolving hotspots of nature education in protected areas in globally. The results show that: (1) early research hotspots domestically and internationally primarily focused on the content and forms of nature education, and have gradually shifted toward educational approaches, interpretation, and educational effectiveness, ultimately forming a research framework encompassing spatial planning, resource evaluation, interpretive methods, collaborative mechanisms, and performance assessment. (2) research topics have progressively expanded to multi-stakeholder and multi-type contexts, contributing to the initial development of a relatively systematic knowledge system. (3) due to ongoing construction of China’s protected-area system, limitations in legislation and regulation, and insufficient interdisciplinary integration, domestic research—despite its rapid growth—still falls short of international studies in terms of theoretical development, research scope, and methodological and data diversity. Future research should strengthen the construction of localized theoretical frameworks, broaden research dimensions and depth, enhance the application of technologies and data, and promote interdisciplinary research. This will improve the practical effectiveness of nature education in protected areas and provide theoretical and policy references for their high-quality development.

Tourist moral behavior can effectively protect the ecological environment and cultural landscape of tourist destinations, contributing to their sustainable development. Based on social learning theory and the “Stimulus-Organism-Response” theory, this paper collects 18 qualitative interview data (Study 1) and 311 questionnaire data (Study 2), and uses a mixed-method approach to verify the differences in the impact of “experiential” moral tourism and “consequentialist” moral tourism experiences on tourists’ moral behaviors, as well as to explore the mechanism of moral experiences in “experiential” moral tourism influencing tourists’ moral behaviors. The results show that: (1) compared with traditional “consequence-based” moral tourism, “experience-based” moral tourism aligns more closely with tourists’ motivations by reflecting the characteristics of the experience economy, thus being more popular among tourists and more likely to guide tourists’ moral behaviors. (2) Positive, negative, and conflicting moral experiences all have a significant positive impact on tourists’ moral perceptions and moral behaviors, with positive moral experiences yielding the strongest effect, followed by negative moral experiences. (3) Tourists’ moral perceptions mediates the influence of moral experiences on moral behaviors. Destinations should leverage tourism's inherent “enjoyment and relaxation” nature by shifting from “emphasizing consequences” to “focusing on experiences”, and pay attention to the integration of moral experience content in the development of moral tourism products, so as to strengthen tourists’ moral experiences, enhance their moral perceptions, make their moral behaviors occur naturally.

Financing efficiency is pivotal to the core competitiveness and sustainable development of the capital-intensive cruise industry. This paper utilizes panel data from Royal Caribbean Group (RCL), Carnival Corporation (CCL), and Norwegian Cruise Line Holdings (NCLH) spanning 2002-2023, employing the DEA-Malmquist model to analyze the impact of financing efficiency on operational performance.(RCL), Carnival Corporation (CCL), and Norwegian Cruise Line Holdings (NCLH) from 2002 to 2023. The DEA-Malmquist index model was employed to measure total factor productivity (TFPCH), while the Bootstrap truncated regression method was used to identify factors influencing financing efficiency. This study explores the financing efficiency of major global cruise companies, its dynamic evolution patterns, and key influencing factors. The study finds: (1) the industry’s average annual TFP during the observation period was 0.984, indicating a slight decline in financing efficiency. (2) The evolution of cruise companies’ financing efficiency exhibits phased characteristics: from 2002 to 2008, influenced by credit tightening and the financial crisis, industry financing efficiency remained persistently low; from 2009 to 2019, it generally recovered but showed significant fluctuations, with technological progress as the core driver; From 2020 to 2023, the industry faced severe shocks from the COVID-19 pandemic, experiencing a brief rebound in 2021 due to digital upgrades before facing renewed pressure. (3) Regression analysis indicates that epidemic shocks exert a significant negative impact on financing efficiency, while economic crisis shocks show a marginal negative effect. Market share has a significant positive promoting effect, whereas firm size exerts a significant negative influence. The article’s marginal contribution lies in its pioneering integration of these two methodologies to systematically analyze financing efficiency in the cruise industry, revealing its dynamic patterns and influencing factors. This provides a new perspective for financial resource allocation in capital-intensive industries and offers empirical evidence and management insights for emerging cruise enterprises to optimize financing structures and balance scale with efficiency.

Against the backdrop of the vigorous development of rural tourism, rural socio-cultural space is facing potential risks such as functional fragmentation and cultural disjunction, This study introduces actor-network theory and uses Nanshe Village in Dongguan as a case to systematically analyze the mechanism through which the network of actors in rural tourism drives the reconstruction of social and cultural space. The results show that: (1) the development of the actor-network in Nanshe Village has generally undergone three stages: the government-led single-actor phase, the market-driven multi-actor phase, and the multi-collaborative network formation phase. (2) In terms of the characteristics of spatial reconstruction, it presents the feature of coordinated evolution across material, spiritual, and social dimensions：in the material space, ancient buildings from the Ming and Qing dynasties have achieved preservation, revitalization, and infrastructure upgrading, with spatial functions transforming from meeting daily life needs to serving cultural inheritance and economic development; in the spiritual space, cultural and emotional connections have been enhanced, and a value system centered on the culture of filial piety and virtue has been gradually constructed, achieving the elevation of the cultural core values; in the social space, community cohesion has been improved, promoting the integration and interaction between culture and economy. (3) In terms of spatial reconstruction mechanisms, five mechanisms, policy guidance, capital incentives, deep community participation, local collaboration, and normative constraints, interact synergistically to promote the reconstruction of the socio-cultural space in Nanshe Village. The research findings not only enrich the theoretical studies on rural socio-cultural space reconstruction but also provide practical insights for the revitalization of socio-cultural aspects in tourism-oriented villages and the sustainable development of tourism.

Given the increasing demand for professional tourism planners, many peers without tourism-education background have turned to tourism-planning operations. This study explores the generalized pathway of “cross-disciplinary knowledge updating” by interviewing 25 tourism planners focusing on their “learning-by-doing” experiences. The research findings indicate: (1) the knowledge updating process for cross-disciplinary tourism planners typically goes through three stages: “methodological”, “epistemological” and “ontological” knowledge updating. The objective of knowledge-updating in these stages can be respectively viewed as matching existing planning tools with tourism-specific needs at the micro level, understanding the operational logic of tourism businesses at the meso-level, and balancing multi-value orientations of tourism development at the macro level. (2) At each stage, the primary motivation for cross-disciplinary knowledge update stems from perceived knowledge gaps encountered while undertaking planning projects at different scales. Planners must engage in a contextualized “acquisition-absorption-application” process to better addressing perceived knowledge gaps and spontaneously re-build corresponding tourism-planning knowledge systems. (3) Whether tourism planners can upgrade knowledge systematically from “layman” to “expert” status depends on their ability across different stages to: Accurately identify professional knowledge gaps and locate appropriate knowledge sources, adopt suitable strategies to translate and absorb new knowledge, and employ suitable strategies within multi-stakeholder bargaining frameworks to validate, apply, and disseminate new knowledge. This study proposes a cross-disciplinary knowledge updating process for tourism planners, providing theoretical and methodological support for cultivating cross-disciplinary talents in the practice of multi-industry integration.

Environmental education is the foundation for spreading the concept of ecological civilization and an important path to promote public participation in achieving the goal of building a Beautiful China. Internationally, environmental education research is an important interdisciplinary field that has undergone more than half a century of development and accumulated rich research results. However, domestic environmental education is still in the development stage and urgently needs theoretical references from the academic community. Based on this, this study collected 7624 articles published between 1968 and 2024 from the journals collected in Web of Science database. Using bibliometric analysis, keyword coding, and other techniques, a systematic analysis was conducted on the development trends, disciplinary backgrounds, and academic hotspots of international environmental education research. The study primarily covers three aspects: (1) it explored the concept and evolution of international environmental education, sorted out the number of literature, publishing phases, major published journals, hot keywords, geographical distribution, etc. (2) it summarizes three main contents of environmental education research: environmental education philosophy, environmental education implementation, and environmental education effectiveness. (3) three major characteristics of international environmental education research have been extracted. Based on international research and combined with the theoretical and practical needs of China, direction suggestions were proposed for environmental education and its research in China. The research aims to provide a systematic reference for the theoretical construction of environmental education in China, elevate the academic standards and international influence of Chinese environmental education research, strengthen industry-academia-research collaboration in environmental education practices, and promote the achievement of ecological civilization construction goals in China.

As an important component of modern service sector, the exhibition industry plays a significant role in promoting economic growth and upgrading the tourism sector. Using the data of 4 865 exhibition enterprises located within Beijing’s Sixth Ring Road from 2000 to 2023, this study applies geospatial analytical techniques, the $Getis-Ord\mathrm{ }{G}_{i}^{\mathrm{*}}$ statistic, and the geographical detector model to examine the spatial distribution patterns of exhibition enterprises and their influencing factors. The results indicate that: (1) during the study period, exhibition enterprises in Beijing exhibit a pronounced spatial agglomeration, following a typical evolutionary trajectory from “single-center agglomeration” to “multi-center diffusion,” and subsequently to “localized re-agglomeration,” resulting in a “core-periphery” coordinated structure characterized by a “multi-core + dispersed” pattern. (2) The spatial evolution of exhibition enterprises is closely associated with the distribution of major functional nodes, such as Olympic venues and the Beijing sub-center, as well as the implementation of strategic policies including the “relocation of non-capital functions,” reflecting strong path dependence and policy-driven dynamics. (3) Living services and transportation services are the direct core factors shaping the spatial distribution of exhibition enterprises, with their interaction producing a nonlinear enhancement effect, whereas economic foundations and production services act as indirect factors by exerting influence through interaction with other factors. From the perspective of spatial governance, this study enriches the theoretical understanding of service-sector agglomeration in mega-cities and provides a scientific basis for optimizing the spatial layout of the exhibition industry. Future efforts should focus on strengthening policy guidance, improving foundational support systems, and innovating coordination mechanisms to further optimize the spatial structure of exhibition enterprises, achieve deep structural integration between the exhibition industry and urban development, as well as synergistic enhancement in operational efficiency.

Modern tourism industry system is an important part of China's modern industry system. Measuring its construction level and analyzing its influencing factors have important theoretical value and practical significance for driving the construction of a tourism power with high-quality tourism development, thus helping to achieve the grand goal of Chinese path to modernization. This study Constructed a multi-dimensional evaluation indicator system, measured the comprehensive score of the construction level of China’s modern tourism industry system, adopted kernel density estimation, exploratory spatial data analysis and Theil index to depict the spatial and temporal characteristics of the evolution of the construction level, and combined with the spatial Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression (GTWR) model to analyze the key factors affecting the construction of the modern tourism industry system.The findings are as follows: (1) during the study period, the overall level of construction of China’s modern tourism industry system is relatively low and the growth is slow, and spatially the overall level is relatively low and shows a gradient pattern of “East-Central-Northeast-West”. (2) The construction level exhibits significant positive spatial correlation across the entire territory, manifesting as an “East-hot, West-cold” agglomeration pattern with pronounced polarization. Further variance decomposition indicates that intra-regional differences dominate overall variation, and the east and west are the main contributors to the differences. (3) The market consumption demand exhibits a primary driving effect, with certain eastern provinces and the Northeast region amplifying gains, while central and western provinces show diminishing returns. The cultural market presents a “resource curse” paradox: dynamic heritage transmission in the west drives gains, whereas cultural commodification in high-development zones of the east and central regions leads to decline. The degree of openness demonstrates a coastal polarization effect, with technology spillovers and institutional learning forming outward-oriented growth poles. Transportation conditions exhibit regional heterogeneity, inhibiting or only marginally stimulating the western and northeastern regions while significantly driving growth in the central and eastern regions. Urbanization levels has shifted from a negative constraint to a limited driver of growth, with some regions in eastern, central, and western China recently entering the ascending phase of an inverted U-shape curve.This study measured the development level and spatiotemporal evolution of the modern tourism industry system and identified its key influencing factors. It thereby deepened the understanding of the development mechanisms of modern tourism and provided a theoretical foundation as well as policy insights for promoting high-quality development and regional coordination in the tourism sector.

In the context of green transformation and “co-construction and sharing”, clarifying the coupling effect and coordination mechanism of ecotourism and common prosperity is not only a crucial issue for ecotourism to align with the rural revitalization strategy and advance urban-rural common prosperity but also an inherent requirement for promoting high-quality development of ecotourism. Taking Fujian Province as a case study, this paper constructs a comprehensive evaluation system for ecotourism and common prosperity, and adopts the Improved Analytic Hierarchy Process (IAHP) - entropy weight method - coupling coordination - grey correlation model in order to analyze the coupling coordination effect of ecotourism and common prosperity in Fujian Province from 2010 to 2019. The results show that: (1) during the research period, the degree of coupling between ecotourism and common prosperity in Fujian Province has continuously advanced from a relatively low-level coupling state to a higher-level one, with the degree of coupling coordination going through four stages, namely moderate imbalance with double-low indices, gradual growth with relatively low indices, primary-medium coordination with moderate indices and sound coordination with a priority on common prosperity. (2) Factors such as per capita local general public budget revenue, the participation rate of basic endowment insurance, the ratio of per capita disposable income of urban and rural residents, the urbanization rate, the density of the highway network, the forest coverage rate, and the number of ecological tourism demonstration zones at or above the provincial-level play a leading role in the coupled and coordinated development of ecotourism and common prosperity in Fujian Province. (3) Developing ecotourism is an effective means to promote urban-rural common prosperity, and achieving common prosperity provides a power source for ecotourism. Ecotourism is a common form for realizing the value of ecological products, while common prosperity is the outcome of such value realization. (4) Innovating the mechanism for developing financial resources,making up for the shortcomings of rural public services, enhancing the appeal of “lucid waters and lush mountains”, and promoting the value realization of ecological products are effective ways to improve the level of coupled and coordinated development between ecotourism and common prosperity. The research findings of this paper hold both theoretical and practical significance for better enhancing the income-increasing and poverty-alleviating effects of ecotourism and making solid progress toward common prosperity.

Industrial resilience is a key support and inherent requirement for the high-quality development of the economy. Investigating the impact and mechanism of tourism industry agglomeration on tourism industry resilience is of great significance for building a modern industrial system and achieving high-quality development in the tourism industry. This study analyzes the theoretical mechanism of how tourism industry agglomeration affects tourism industry resilience. Using panel data from 39 cities in Guizhou, Guangxi, and Yunnan from 2013 to 2023, the level of tourism industry resilience is measured. The study employs benchmark regression models, mediation effect models, and spatial econometric models to examine the direct effects, mediating effects, and spatial spillover effects of tourism industry agglomeration on the resilience of the tourism industry. The results indicate: (1) the overall level of tourism industry resilience in the Guizhou-Guangxi-Yunnan regions exhibited an upward trend during the study period, but with differentiated characteristics. Among them, demand resilience has improved most rapidly, while supply resilience has lagged behind, and structural resilience has gradually strengthened. Spatially, tourism industry resilience distributed in the order of “Guizhou > Guangxi > Yunnan”, with a radiation pattern from provincial capitals to surrounding cities. (2) The impact of tourism industry agglomeration on tourism industry resilience is unbalanced. It has the most significant impact on tourism demand resilience, followed by tourism supply resilience, while its impact on tourism structural resilience is relatively minor, revealing a “demand-driven → supply response → structural optimization” agglomeration mechanism. Moreover, there is spatial heterogeneity, with the impact being “Guizhou > Yunnan > Guangxi”. (3) Technological innovation plays a non-substitutable mediating role in the process of tourism industry agglomeration promoting tourism industry resilience, revealing the key mechanism of how agglomeration effects are transformed into resilience. (4) Tourism industry agglomeration fosters a spatially self-enhancement mechanism for local tourism industry resilience by polarizing the tourism industry resilience of neighboring regions. The research will provide valuable insights for strengthening the resilience of the tourism system and promoting high-quality development in the tourism industry.

This research investigates the spatial evolution characteristics of study tour enterprises and their influencing factors, which can provide a scientific basis for the coordinated planning of the study tour industry and the promotion of regional balanced development, thereby effectively supporting the construction of an education-oriented nation and the implementation of the cultural and tourism integration strategy. Based on 6,763 pieces of data on study tour operators spanning the period from 2013 to 2024, and by employing the methods of Theil index and geospatial analysis, this study explores the spatio-temporal distribution patterns, influencing factors, and spatial heterogeneity of these study tour operators. Major findings include: (1) the number of study tour operators during the research period presents an inverted U-shaped trajectory with a peak in 2021 and subsequent gradual decline. (2) Spatial distribution keeps showing unbalanced nature, with Changsha City remaining the unchallenged core and intra-prefecture disparities having gradually converged over time. The scopes of the standard deviation ellipses show minimal variations, and their centers of gravity have shifted from Xiangtan City to Changsha City. Results of global spatial autocorrelation further confirm a significant positive clustering pattern, forming a high-value agglomeration centered on Changsha. (3) The spatial differentiation of these study tour operators is jointly shaped by multiple factors, including economic strength, policy environment, market demands, social conditions, and resource endowments, among which the explanatory power of two-factor interaction effects is significantly stronger than that of any single factor. (4) The spatial influence scales of different factors vary. Variables such as local government expenditures and tourist numbers exert nearly universal impacts, whereas the proportion of the tertiary industry and the numbers of primary and secondary school students demonstrate distinct localized effects.

As museums become increasingly intelligent and social media is shaping our lives, museum visitors are shifting from passive receivers to active value co-creators. However, within the non-profit public cultural space of museums, the mechanism of and boundary conditions for how the process of museum visitors’ value co-creation drives their behavioral evolution remain unclear. Drawing on the customer-dominant logic, this study aims to uncover the transformation path from value co-creation to social sharing. To this end, this study constructs a mechanism model of value co-creation, immersive experience value, and social sharing intention, introduces social support as a contextual moderator, and conducts empirical analysis based on data of 386 questionnaires collected from visitors at four museums of different kinds in Guangzhou City. Findings indicate that: (1) museum visitors’ value co-creation does not only directly enhance their social sharing intention, but also exert an indirect impact on social sharing intention through the mediating effect of immersive experience value. (2) Social support strengthens the promoting effect of value co-creation on immersive experience value. This study reveals the mechanism of and boundary conditions for the museum visitors’ value co-creation to transform from act to experience and finally to intention. It provides managerial insights for improving museum service experiences and promoting cultural communication.

Heritage tourism development brings both opportunities and challenges to surrounding rural areas. This study explores the pathways to successful livelihoods among residents, aiming to reveal the significance of heritage tourism for inclusive rural development and address the practical need for coordinated development between heritage sites and surrounding villages. This study, using the Wulingyuan world heritage area as a case study, employs fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to conduct an empirical analysis of the livelihoods strategies and capital combinations that drive successful livelihoods of residents in rural areas adjacent to the heritage site. The findings reveal that: (1) tourism development has driven the diversification of livelihood strategies, resulting in four predominant types: tourism-participatory, tourism-oriented, labor-oriented, and agriculture-oriented. (2) Different livelihood strategies correspond to distinct patterns of livelihood capital allocation. Tourism-dominated households demonstrate superiority in material, financial, and social capital; tourism-participatory households possess greater human and financial capital; labor-dominated households exhibit stronger mental capital; while agriculture-dominated households display systemic deficiencies across multiple dimensions including human, financial, and social capital. (3) Residents’ successful livelihood pathways under different strategies exhibit distinct capital combinations. Tourism-participatory, tourism-dominant, and labor-dominant strategies form successful pathways with their own characteristics, while agriculture-dominant strategy fail to establish stable successful pathways. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of sustainable livelihoods for residents adjacent to heritage tourism destinations and provides empirical evidence and theoretical reference for formulating targeted policies to promote the equitable distribution of tourism dividendsand the sustainable development in heritage tourism areas.

Due to the data lack on economic benefits and moral education outcomes of red tourism, it is a challenge to evaluate the performance of the red tourism policies. This study incorporates dual incentives from the red tourism policies on both supply and potential demand of the red tourism scenic spots (hereinafter referred to as “scenic spots”) into a spatial model of market competition. Based on the assumption that tourists act as rational economic agents making “utility-maximizing decisions”, and drawing on the Haff model, a predictive model for the attractiveness scale of scenic spots is constructed to analyze the potential impact of red tourism policies. The findings reveal: (1) the policy primarily enhances scenic spots quality and services as the main supply-side mechanism; however, the impacts on supply varies across different scenic spots and areas, with scenic spots in the old revolution base areas being most affected. (2) The demand-side mechanism mainly involves promotional campaigns to stimulate travel decision-making behavior and attract potential visitors. However, due to varying probabilities of tourists from different origins visiting these areas, the policy’s effectiveness differs across regions. Eastern areas with larger potential markets show greater demand stimulation, particularly in the old revolution base areas (especially in areas that have recently alleviated from poverty). (3) Due to the interplay of multiple factors, the impact of policies on the supply and demand may exhibit spatial mismatches. This study innovatively uses the geographical method to evaluate the potential impact of the red tourism policy, which is helpful for the similar policy makers to estimate the policy outcomes, particularly the spatial variations in those outcomes.

Strengthening regional cooperation is a critical path to breaking the border shielding effect and promoting the high-quality development of tourism in old revolutionary base areas. Taking 538 scenic spots in the Hunan-Jiangxi border region as an old revolutionary base area, as the research object, this paper constructs a “Potential Energy-Development-Potential” (PEDP) diagnostic framework based on the theories of regional tourism cooperation for measuring the development level and potential of regional tourism cooperation. The findings show that: (1) the development level of tourism cooperation in the Hunan-Jiangxi border region presents significant inter-provincial spatial barriers, showing a non-equilibrium pattern of “strong intra-provincial cooperation but weak cross-provincial cooperation”. An “axis-radiation” model centered on 5A-level scenic spots such as Jinggang Mountain and Wugong Mountain has been initially formed in the region. The northern region has taken the lead in breaking the border shielding effect, while the southeastern region has fallen into a “cooperative island” dilemma due to a lack of radiation from core nodes. (2) The tourism cooperation potential energy in the Hunan-Jiangxi border region features spatial characteristics of high-energy polarization in the peripheral areas and high-density support in the core areas. The circular radiation belt composed of 5A-level scenic spots including Lushan and Juzizhou serves as an high-level growth pole driving the regional tourism development in the old revolutionary base areas. Meanwhile, the red tourism scenic spot clusters in the core areas constitute a stable collaborative hinterland, forming a gradient hierarchical functional system of “hub-intermediary-periphery”. (3) The distribution of tourism cooperation potential in the Hunan-Jiangxi border region displays a significant spatial mismatch and a pattern of “high in the west and low in the east” that follows the law of high-value contiguous areas in the core areas and gradient attenuation in the periphery. High-grade scenic spots generally have a structural mismatch of “high potential energy - low development - high potential”, and 5A-level scenic spots have a high potential value, which is the strategic orientation for future cooperation. The core areas present a trend of stock optimization, while the peripheral areas have become a new space for potential growth by leveraging the huge potential energy of high-grade nodes. This study provides operational analytical tools and empirical support for precise assessment of the coordinated tourism development in underdeveloped areas such as revolutionary base areas that cross administrative boundaries.

Internet celebrity marketing is a crucial driver for the expansion of the diving tourism market. By combining objective situations with individual micro-psychology, systematically deconstructing and exploring the impact effect and transmission mechanism of internet celebrity traits on consumers’diving tourism intentions, it can compensate for the shortcomings of traditional research that emphasizes the industrial perspective while neglecting the micro-individual level. This provides an important theoretical basis and practical insights for the precise marketing and experience product design of diving tourism destinations. From the economic form of “Internet plus”, internet celebrity traits, virtual community sense, and perceived challenge are abstracted. Based on the modified Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) model, an influencing factor model of diving tourists’behavioral intentions is constructed. The results show that: (1) internet celebrity traits have a significant positive impact on diving tourism intentions. (2) Behavioral attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and virtual community sense play a mediating role between internet celebrity traits and diving tourism intentions. (3) Perceived challenge plays a positive moderating role in the relationships between internet celebrity traits and subjective norms, as well as between internet celebrity traits and behavioral attitudes. This study not only verifies the universal positive impact of internet celebrity traits on tourism intentions but also expands the research boundaries of traditional TPB in the context of high-risk experiential tourism and digital marketing, deepening the understanding of how internet celebrities promote the consumption upgrade of new tourism formats in the new economic form.

Through its chain-linkage effects, tourism consumption can effectively integrate resource elements, empower the innovation, quality improvement and efficiency enhancement of various business formats, serving as a practical paradigm to guide the upgrading of residents’ consumption and achieve sound and sustainable integrated development, which is of great significance for the revitalization and development of the old revolutionary base areas. Taking 108 county-level administrative units in the former Central Soviet Area as research objects, this study constructs an “allometric growth analysis framework of tourism consumption and integrated development”, and employs the allometric growth model and geographical detector to investigate the law of allometric growth and its driving factors. The findings reveal that: (1) areas with medium-high tourism consumption levels largely overlap with regions rich in red tourism resources, while the level of integrated development exhibits a spatial pattern of “high-value diffusion and low-value agglomeration”. Moreover, the growth center has extended from the central region to the northwest region since 2021. (2) Regarding allometric relationships, there is a significant nonlinear relationship between the two variables. The longitudinal growth relationship primarily exhibits negative allometric type II, while the horizontal growth relationship mainly manifests as negative allometric type III. This reveals a structural imbalance prevalent in old revolutionary base areas, characterized by “consumption leading while integration lags”. The spatial differentiation of allometric growth types is significant across different zones. (3) The allometric relationship between tourism consumption and integrated development results from the combined effects of multiple factors, with their interactions exhibiting an enhancing effect. Technological innovation capacity and transportation accessibility serve as the dominant factors influencing the spatial differentiation between the two. The study reveals the allometric growth relationship between tourism consumption and integrated development, along with its driving factors, providing crucial reference for formulating differentiated and targeted revitalization policies for old revolutionary base areas in the new era.

At the critical stage where the homestay industry is shifting from quantitative expansion to high-quality development, clarifying the mechanism through which host-guest interaction influences brand trust has become a key issue for enhancing brand competitiveness. This study takes Floral B&Bs as the research subject and, drawing upon brand relationship theory and affective solidarity theory, constructs a conceptual model of “host-guest interaction—tourism experience quality—brand trust”. Using questionnaire surveys and structural equation modeling (SEM), the study empirically examines the influence of host-guest interaction on brand trust, as well as the mediating role of tourism experience quality. The results show that: (1) within the tourism homestay scenario, each dimension of host-guest interaction (information interaction, product/service interaction, and interpersonal interaction) has direct and significantly positive effects on both tourism experience quality and brand trust. (2) The quality of the tourism experience plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between host-guest interaction and brand trust. (3) Among the three dimensions of interaction, the mediating pathway involving interpersonal interaction is the most significant. This paper focuses on the micro-mechanism of host-guest interaction on brand trust in tourism homestays, revealing the logic of brand trust generation in non-standard accommodation formats, fills the gap in the applicability of traditional brand trust theory in personalized service scenarios, and provides an interactive-oriented practical reference for homestay brand building under the background of the new development stage.

Red tourism serves as a vital pathway for the economic and social development of old revolutionary base areas and residents’ support is one of the key factors affecting sustainable development of red tourism. Integrating the social exchange theory and the theory of planned behavior, this study constructs a macro-micro multilevel complex causal model of residents’ support for red tourism in old revolutionary base areas. Using the Nanliang old revolutionary base area as a case study, this study employs fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) to comprehensively examine the configurational relationships among influencing factors, including behavioral attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, multidimensional benefit perceptions, and cost perceptions. The findings are as follows: (1) the antecedent conditions for residents’ support for red tourism in old revolutionary base areas are heterogeneous and multiple. (2) Three typical pathways are identified, i.e. cultural norm-low cost driven, ability-environment compensation, and high cost-multiple benefit trade-off. (3) There are differences in the formation mechanisms of support behaviors for red tourism between residents in core and non-core areas, with the former exhibiting a benefit-driven pathway and the latter a participation-driven pathway. This study deepens the theoretical understanding of the formation mechanisms underlying residents’ support for red tourism in old revolutionary base areas, enriches case studies on tourism support, and provides theoretical foundations for formulating differentiated development strategies for different types of tourism destinations.

Evaluating the value of Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) and coordinating supply-demand relationships from the perspective of divergence between hosts’ and guests’ perceptions is of great significance for promoting the synergistic realization of multiple values of national park ecosystems. Focusing on small and medium-scale spaces such as recreational areas in national parks, this study takes the Shuimanhe Scenic Area of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park as a case, and adopts questionnaire survey, participatory mapping, two-dimensional matrix analysis and other methods to investigate and analyze the spatial differentiation characteristics of CES perceptions between hosts and guests. The results are as follows: (1) demographic variables such as occupation, education level, and place of origin, as well as factors including the frequency of visits to the scenic area in the past year, exert significant impacts on the number of CES marked points for both hosts and guests. (2) The hotspots of CES perceived by guests are mostly concentrated along the main tourist routes, while the value points perceived by hosts are distributed more widely and dispersedly. The iconic scenic spots serve as concentrated areas of high thermal values for both hosts’ and guests’ perceptions. Scenic spots with prominent landscape and cultural heterogeneity show large differences in perceived thermal values between hosts and guests. For CES types that can be directly evaluated through physical sensory experience, including aesthetic value, healing value, and outdoor recreation value, the spatial differentiation of perceptions between hosts and guests is small. On the contrary, relatively abstract CES types with more complex cognitive processes, such as spiritual value, educational value, and inspirational value, present significant spatial differences in perceptions. (3) The ranking of perceived importance of different CES types is generally consistent between hosts and guests, while remarkable differences exist in the perceived importance of healing value. From the perspective of spatial distribution intensity and host-guest perceptions, the index of outdoor recreation value is the highest, followed by aesthetic and educational values, and inspiration value is the lowest. (4) The two-dimensional matrix analysis indicates that outdoor recreation and aesthetic values perceived by both hosts and guests are located in the high-high quadrant; only the educational value perceived by hosts falls into the low-high quadrant; heritage, spiritual and inspiration values perceived by both hosts and guests are distributed in the low-low quadrant; and the healing value perceived by guests lies in the high-low quadrant. This study can provide robust empirical evidence for exploring the realization pathways of CES oriented toward supply-demand matching and effectively expands the methodological system for assessing CES perceptual characteristics.