亚太地区野生生物旅游的可持续发展实践与挑战
原作为英文写作,中译稿由崔庆明研究员完成。
诺尔·斯科特(Noel Scott),男,博士,教授,研究方向为应用心理学、旅游体验和目的地管理与营销。E-mail: nscott1@usc.edu.au。 |
收稿日期: 2021-08-15
要求修回日期: 2021-10-01
网络出版日期: 2022-05-30
版权
Sustainable development of wildlife tourism in Asia and the Pacific: Maintaining good practice
Received date: 2021-08-15
Request revised date: 2021-10-01
Online published: 2022-05-30
Copyright
野生动物旅游主要基于生物多样性热点地区和标志性物种进行。亚太地区的野生动物旅游已经很受欢迎,预计在新冠肺炎疫情之后还会继续发展。本文为野生动物旅游的可持续发展提供了一系列建议,讨论了在野外观赏野生动物的准则以及植物和真菌观赏的可能性。野生动物旅游的优秀实践标准包括有效的保护区管理、健全的环境政策、控制旅游人数的增长、管理过度拥挤、导游培训、关注动物福利和监测旅游对野生动物的影响等,野生动物旅游的适当推广和营销也需要加以考虑。野生动物旅游的主要挑战包括对大环境的保护不到位,对实现可持续发展要求的误解,以及公园管理者和旅游经营者对游客管理的不足。新冠肺炎疫情的出现为野生动物旅游的影响研究提供了一个契机,反思以前的野生动物旅游业务并在未来维持并改进野生动物旅游。
诺尔·斯科特(Noel Scott) , 朗达·格林(Ronda Green) , 大卫·纽瑟姆(David Newsome) . 亚太地区野生生物旅游的可持续发展实践与挑战[J]. 中国生态旅游, 2021 , 11(5) : 676 -690 . DOI: 10.12342/zgstly.20210077
Wildlife tourism in the Asia-Pacific region has become popular and is expected to continue so after COVID-19. This paper provides a series of recommendations for sustainable development of wildlife tourism and discusses guidelines for wildlife viewing in the wild. Currently, wildlife viewing is based around biodiversity hotspots and iconic species. Opportunities for expanding viewing of plants and fungi are also discussed. Good practice criteria such as attention to effective protected area management, sound environmental policy, planning for growth in tourism numbers, management of overcrowding, tour guide training, attention to animal welfare, and monitoring the impacts of tourism on wildlife are considered. Promotion and marketing of wildlife tourism should also be highlighted. Key challenges include unsatisfactory protection of the wider environment, misinterpretation of what is required to achieve sustainability, and inadequate visitor management by park agencies and tour operators. The impact of COVID-19 on wildlife tourism provides the opportunity to reflect on previous wildlife tourism operations and to maintain and improve wildlife tourism in the future.
表1 联合国世界旅游组织报告的实践标准举例Tab. 1 Examples of good practice criteria from UNWTO report |
标准 Criteria | 评价方式 How to determine | 备注 Notes |
---|---|---|
B1 管理人员与员工的专长 B1 Expertise of managers and staff | ||
关于动物福利和生态保护,管理人员是否 雇佣或定期咨询专家? Do business owners and managers employ or regularly consult with experts on animal welfare and conservation? | A O | |
管理者是否合理跟踪相关物种行为、生态 和保护/福利需求的研究(通过阅读文献、 浏览互联网、参加工作坊)? Do they keep up to date (e.g., via literature, internet, attending workshops) with relevant research on species-specific behaviour and ecology and conservation/welfare needs? | A O | 没有人能了解每一种动物的所有知识,应该意识到不同物种有不同需求,同一物种的不同个体也有不同需求。这点对于圈养动物或者与野生动物的近距离相遇尤其重要。 No one can know everything about every animal, but they should be aware that species differ in their needs. Also, individuals within the same species can differ. This is especially important for captive animals or close encounters with wild ones. |
员工是否接受了有关动物福利和生态保护 必要培训?是否知道如何最小化游客造成 的负面影响? Do employees receive essential trainings on the welfare and conservation issues of the species they deal with, as well as how to minimize negative impacts by tourists and others? | A O T | 经常回顾可以发现问题,以供进一步探讨。 Reviews may help to identify problems that can then be explored further. |
B2 规章制度/立法 B2 Regulations/legislation | ||
与动物直接接触的员工是否知道在国家公 园等区域内饲养、触摸动物的相关政府规 章制度或法律法规?是否知道一些负责任 组织的行为指南? Are all the staff directly involved with animals aware (to different levels relevant to their duties) of what government permits are needed, what legislation to follow to raise or handle animals in national parks and other areas, and what the guidelines for responsible groups are? | O W | 所有者和经营者的义务。其他员工至少应该知道在管理人员缺席情况下做决策的一般知识(或者至少知道做哪些决策时须征求管理者的意见)。 Responsibilities for owners and managers. Other staff should at least have general knowledge in case decisions need to be made in the manager’s absence (or at the very least to know when the manager must be consulted before a decision is made). |
注:表中符号A:询问可能有直接经验的顾问(包括专家委员会);O:直接询问经营者(有时是最简单和最明显的,其他时候如果无法通过其他途径确定信息,则作为最后的手段);T:查看TripAdvisor和其他评论(这些评论可以指出可能存在的问题,或表明在某些方面的卓越表现,但要记住并非所有评论都是公正的);W:查询经营者的网站。 |
感谢联合国世界旅游组织(UNWTO)和广东长隆集团有限公司。
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