Tourism cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative: Review and prospects
Received date: 2023-10-31
Revised date: 2023-12-19
Online published: 2024-02-06
Expanding and deepening tourism cooperation between the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) countries and regions is an important part of the joint construction of the BRI, which has important strategic significance for promoting global economic growth and humanistic exchanges. After four stages of development, including the establishment of pillars and beams, fluctuating development, epidemic control and market recovery, tourism cooperation along the BRI has achieved great progress in infrastructure “hard connectivity”, rules and standards “soft connectivity”, as well as people-to-people “heart connectivity”. At the same time, the scale of BRI tourism market has significantly expanded, industrial investment has continued to grow, unified brands have gradually formed, security has gradually strengthened, and cooperation platforms have been enriched. In the future, BRI tourism cooperation will not only encounter new opportunities for deepening transportation connectivity, digital economy and green development, but also face challenges such as complicated external environment, unbalanced regional development and weak global soft connectivity. We should have the vision of building BRI tourism community of shared destiny which has interconnected facilities, linked standards, and integrated cultures, as well as a high level of openness, industrial resilience and security. In order to realize the vision, we should continue to build a seamless three-dimensional tourism transportation network, accelerate the construction of smooth linkage and docking mechanism for tourism policies, continue to expand the platform for civil exchanges, promote the construction of a new pattern of all-round opening-up, explore the construction of a multi-level tourism resilience system, and work together to guarantee the multi-dimensional prevention and control of security issues.
Zou Tongqian , Zhang Lirong , Qiu Rui , Zhang Mengya . Tourism cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative: Review and prospects[J]. ECOTOURISM, 2023 , 13(6) : 923 -940 . DOI: 10.12342/zgstly.20230237
图1 2013—2022年共建“一带一路”国家入境旅游人数变化数据来源:根据世界旅游组织(World Tourism Organiza- zation,简称UNWTO)官网(https://www.unwto.org/)“一带一路”最初65个合作国家入境旅游面板数据自制(土库曼斯坦、也门共和国、阿联酋、伊拉克、巴基斯坦、阿富汗等国家缺失值较多,未纳入计算范围) Fig. 1 Changes in inbound tourist arrivals of the Belt and Road countries from 2013 to 2022 |
图3 中国赴东盟国家旅游人数数据来源:东盟统计数据门户网站 (https://data.aseanstats.org/visitors) Fig. 3 Number of Chinese tourists to ASEAN countries |
表1 东盟对外展开非传统安全合作的部分文件列表Tab. 1 List of selected documents on ASEAN’s external non-traditional security cooperation |
合作国 | 指导文件 | 主要内容 |
---|---|---|
东盟-中国 | 《落实中国-东盟面向和平与繁荣的战略伙伴关系联合宣言的行动计划(2021—2025)》 | 进行信息分享、经验和最佳实践的交流,以及通过互访、培训、研讨会、和视频会议等方式进行能力培养,旨在处理中国和东盟相关机构在非传统安全领域的问题,包括恐怖主义、毒品走私、人口贩运、洗钱、海上抢劫、武器走私、国际经济犯罪和网络犯罪…… |
东盟-土耳其 | 《通过东盟-土耳其务实合作领域(2019—2023)》 | 探索在安全挑战方面进行信息和经验交流的可能性; 探索在打击恐怖主义、预防暴力极端主义、遏制激进化崛起以及反洗钱等方面分享经验和最佳实践的可能性;加强对外国恐怖主义战斗人员(Foreign Terrorist Fighters, FTFs)移动与回流的关注,努力打击恐怖主义分子利用互联网、社交媒体进行恐怖活动的行为…… |
东盟-阿联酋 | 《东盟-阿联酋部门对话伙伴关系:务实合作领域(2024—2028)》 | 海上合作,包括可持续的海洋经济发展; 打击跨国犯罪,包括恐怖主义、暴力极端主义、激进化、非法药物贩运、非法野生动植物和木材贸易、人口贩运、武器走私、偷渡、海上抢劫、洗钱、国际经济犯罪和网络犯罪…… |
东盟-巴基斯坦 | 《东盟-巴基斯坦部门对话伙伴关系:2019—2021务实合作领域》 | 探索在“东盟-巴基斯坦打击恐怖主义合作联合宣言”框架下,分享关于打击恐怖主义、预防暴力极端主义和阻断外国恐怖主义战斗人员流动的经验和最佳实践的可能性…… |
数据来源:根据东盟秘书处官网(https://asean.org/)数据自制 |
表2 “一带一路”部分合作平台名称Tab. 2 Selected the Belt and Road Initiative cooperation platforms |
平台类别 | 平台名称 |
---|---|
国际旅游合作平台 | 东盟旅游论坛、中蒙俄“万里茶道”国际旅游联盟、“10+1”旅游部长会议、中国-东盟旅游教育联盟、世界旅游联盟、世界旅游发展大会、旅游企业联合会、“一带一路”沿线国家城市发展联盟、“一带一路”旅游城市联盟、“一带一路”旅游景区联盟、丝绸之路旅游市场推广联盟、海上丝绸之路旅游推广联盟、丝绸之路旅游部长会议、中俄蒙旅游部长会议 |
文化交流平台 | 丝绸之路国际剧院联盟、丝绸之路国际博物馆联盟、丝绸之路国际艺术节联盟、“一带一路”国际科学组织联盟、“一带一路”青年创意与遗产论坛、“一带一路”国际陶瓷教育联盟 |
智库合作平台 | “一带一路”国际智库合作委员会、“一带一路”智库合作联盟、“一带一路”应急管理国际智库 |
双边多边国际外交平台 | 上海合作组织、亚太经济合作组织、“一带一路”高峰论坛、“一带一路”国际合作高峰论坛、“一带一路”国际合作高级别视频会议、中国-东盟中心、中国-中亚峰会、中阿合作论坛、中国-南亚合作论坛、中非合作论坛 |
贸易平台 | 中国国际进口博览会、中国进出口商品交易会、中国国际服务贸易交易会、中国-东盟博览会、中国亚欧博览会、中国-中东欧国家博览会、中国-中东非(肯尼亚)国际贸易数字展览会 |
投融资平台 | 亚洲基础设施投资银行、上合组织开发银行、金砖国家开发银行、丝绸之路基金、中国东盟海上合作基金、中拉产能合作基金、中非产能合作基金 |
数据来源:根据中国“一带一路”网(https://www.yidaiyilu.gov.cn/)及相关网站搜索信息自制 |
表3 中国在共建“一带一路”国家旅游投资分布Tab. 3 Distribution of Chinese tourism investment in the Belt and Road countries |
区域 | 接受投资国家及项目数量 |
---|---|
东南亚 | 新加坡(21)、柬埔寨(19)、泰国(15)、印度尼西亚(13)、老挝(13)、马来西亚(11)、 越南(8)、菲律宾(6)、尼泊尔(4)、缅甸(3) |
南亚 | 斯里兰卡(6)、巴基斯坦(5)、孟加拉国(2)、马尔代夫(2)、印度(1) |
中亚 | 哈萨克斯坦(1)、土库曼斯坦(1) |
中东 | 阿联酋(10)、土耳其(3)、以色列(1)、沙特阿拉伯(1) |
俄蒙 | 俄罗斯(6) |
中东欧 | 捷克(5)、匈牙利(3)、塞尔维亚(2)、白俄罗斯(2)、斯洛文尼亚(1)、塞浦路斯(1)、 拉脱维亚(1)、格鲁吉亚(1)、波兰(1)、波黑(1)、保加利亚(1)、乌克兰(2) |
数据来源:根据中国商务部最新的《境外投资企业(机构)备案结果公开名录》整理 |
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